The Paper evaluates the performance of Bi-directional Shared Tree (BST) multicasting network with two sources and four receivers, attacked by five attackers. These attackers attack the source 1 in network by ICMP Ping Flood. Here we execute the simulation and draw network throughput between source 1 and source 2, queuing transmission delay and drop out data packets at source 1 for ping packet o...

In this letter, we present the results of our study of galaxy-galaxy lensing in massive cluster-lenses spanning z = 0.17 to 0.58, utilizing high-quality archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST ) data. Local anisotropies in the shear maps are assumed to arise from dark matter substructure within these clusters. Associating the substructure with bright early-type cluster galaxies, we quantify the pr...

In this paper we show how classical error estimates for various discretiza-tions of the source iteration map in slab geometry can be used to construct accurate approximate inverses in the context of fast multilevel methods. For discretizations that give strongly convergent collectively compact sequences of approximate source iteration maps, the Atkinson-Brakhage approximate inverse can be appli...

We know that the slope of the radial, stellar light distribution in galaxies is well described by an exponential decline and this distribution is often truncated at a break radius (Rbr). We don’t have a clear understanding for the origin of these outer truncations and several hypotheses have been proposed to explain them. We want to test the various theories with direct observations of the cold...

19 Mass associated with surface topography makes a significant contribution to the Earth’s 20 gravitational potential at all spectral scales. Accurate computation in spherical harmonics to 21 high degree requires calculations of multiple integer powers of the global topography. The 22 purpose of this paper is to analyse the contributions of Earth’s topography to its potential to 23 the tenth po...

This paper presents an extended three-dimensional (3D) exact rebinning formula in the Fourier space that leads to an iterative reprojection algorithm (iterative FOREPROJ), which enables the estimation of unmeasured oblique projection data on the basis of the whole set of measured data. In first approximation, this analytical formula also leads to an extended Fourier rebinning equation that is t...

INTRODUCTION Parallel transmission of RF pulses [1, 2] has shown great potential in B1 inhomogeneity correction at high fields [3]. Most of the existing applications of parallel transmission, however, have been restricted to only gradient echo due to lack of systematic design of parallel transmit refocusing pulses. The difficulty of designing such pulses lies in that 1) the large flip angle nat...

A North Sea area characterized by muddy, sandy, and gravelly sediments is surveyed with a single-beam echo sounder operating at 12, 38, and 200 kHz. Closely spaced survey legs and a high repetition rate of five sounder pings per second allow the production of echo energy maps with a high spatial resolution. These energy maps reveal a series of string-like features, which are believed to be due ...

In this paper, the convergence behaviour of linear parallel interference cancellation is investigated. Especially the so-called ping-pong effect where the bit error rate performance is found to oscillate between two different convergence patterns is studied in detail. This effect is shown to be a direct consequence of the extreme eigenvalues of the correlation matrix, allowing for an analytical...

Using a Web-based portfolio assessment system to elevate project-based learning performances Chi-Cheng Chang a & Kuo-Hung Tseng b a Department of Industrial Technology Education, National Taiwan Normal University, No. 162, Section 1, He-Ping E. Road, Taipei, Taiwan, 106 b Graduate Institute of Business Management, Meiho Institute of Technology, No. 23, Ping Kuang Road, Neipu Hsiang, Pingtung, T...