One of the most frequently asked questions about health surveys such as the SF-36® is "what do the numbers mean"? Health status scores are abstractions, which obtain meaning through knowledge of how the scores are related to other variables. Although we may not think about it, this is also true for more commonly used measures. For example, a temperature of 0°C is an abstract number, which becom...

As the title of her book indicates, Emma Borg is a minimalist with regard to semantics and, like many minimalists, sees herself as defending her patch from the encroachments of the ‘contextualist hoards’. She is, therefore, taking up a particular position within what is seen by many philosophers of language as a foundational debate concerning the true bearers of semantic (truth-conditional) con...

Fantastic Realism is a genre which remind us of Russia and its great writer Dostoevsky. This genre has been developed in Iran among Iranian writers who have been familiar with the books of world literature, especially Russian literature. Fantastic Realism employs and combines reality and imagination, and while it concerns the reality related to human beings, it pictures that kind of reality whi...

The lexicon has long been assumed to be the source of all conceptual content expressed by sentences. Syntactic structures have correspondingly been seen only as providing instructions for the assembly of the concepts expressed by words. Under this view, sentences have meaning, but the syntactic structures which sentences instantiate do not. This paper challenges this view: it uses the phenomeno...

worship in the qur'an, have various applications. most commentators believe worship allah, worship jinn and angels, worship prophets and worship idols means  praise  and worship satan and devil means to obey them .some of them believe jinn and satan means  devil and worship of them means, obeying of him. they believe worship in qur'an is literal common .the essence of the meaning of w...

this study was inspired by vanpatten and uludag’s (2011) study on the transferability of training via processing instruction to output tasks and mori’s (2002) work on the development of talk-in-interaction during a group task. an interview was devised as the pretest, posttest, and delayed posttest to compare four intervention types for teaching the simple past passive: traditional intervention ...

The term ‘hypospadias’ is derived from the Greek ‘hypo’, meaning under, and ‘spandon’, meaning rent or fissure. It is one of the most common anomalies of the external genitalia in males, with a prevalence of up to 3 per 1000 male births. More than 300 operations for its correction, and modifications of these, have been described in innumerable articles. This implies that there is no single idea...

An association between variables is an idea whose meaning is usually grasped intuitively. In most minds, the statement “Variables D and E are associated” does not call for an explanation. Far less clear is the meaning of causation on which volumes have been written by both philosophers and scientists. Courses in epidemiology teach students to recite the mantra ‘association is not causation’, wh...