Was the Mandal Commission Right? Living Standard Differences between Backward Classes and Other Social Groups in India Affirmative action has been at the heart of public policies towards the socially disadvantaged in India. Compensatory discrimination policies which have been adopted for the Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) since independence were recommended for Other Backward C...

In previous work, authors have proposed two new aggregation operators for a class of LR fuzzy numbers known as triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) in which the Land Rapex angles of the piecewise continuous linear membership function of the composite or resultant or aggregate TFN are the arithmetic means [1] and the geometric means [2] of the Land Rapex angles of the individual TFNs. In another pape...

In recent work authors have proposed four new aggregation operators based on the arithmetic and geometric means of the Land Ror right side and left side apex angles for triangular [1] [2] and trapezoidal [3] [4] fuzzy numbers respectively. In this paper authors propose a new aggregation operator for TFNs in which the Land Rmembership function lines of the aggregate TFN have slopes which are the...

This paper analyzes the determinants of rural poverty in India, contrasting the situation of scheduled caste (SC) and scheduled tribe (ST) households with the non-scheduled population. The incidence of poverty in SC and ST households is much higher than among non-scheduled households. By combining regression estimates for the ratio of per capita expenditure to the poverty line and an Oaxaca-typ...

In this paper we introduce a new sequential sampling plan based on sequential probability ratio test for fuzzy hypotheses testing. In order to deal with uncertainty happened, the triangular fuzzy number (TFN) is used to express the fuzzy phenomenon of the sampling plan’s parameters. In this plan the acceptable quality level (AQL) and the lot tolerance percent defective (LTPD) are TFN. For such ...

Affirmative action has been at the heart of public policies towards the socially disadvantaged in India. Compensatory discrimination policies which have been adopted for the Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) since independence were recommended for Other Backward Classes (OBC) by the Mandal Commission established by the Indian government in 1979. We examine why OBC have lower livin...

The Bocconieae tribe, consisting of only the genera Macleaya and Bocconia, possesses significant economic and medicinal value and plays an important role in health management for people in developing countries. During the past decades, research on metabolites and relative pharmacology, including the isolation and identification of a variety of molecules, has shed light on the tribe. Among those...

Phylogenetic relationships were reconstructed using partial mitochondrial DNA sequence data for the cytochrome b gene among all nine described species of Bra&flaphis and several members of the tribe Gambusiini. We included three of the more than 40 members of the genus Gambusia and Belonesox belimnus, the third, monotypic genus of the tribe Gambusiini. Xiphophorus malinche served as the outgrou...

It must not be forgotten that although a high standard of morality gives but a slight or no advantage to each individual man and his children of the same tribe, yet an increase in the number of well-endowed men and advancement in the standard of morality will certainly give an immense advantage to one tribe over another. A tribe including many members who, possessing in a high degree the spirit...

In The Wholeness of Nature (1996), Henri Bortoft shows how a Goethean science of qualitative wholeness complements the analytic and causal- explanatory framework that underlies most research in the natural and social sciences. Goethe's insights and methods suggest that a better understanding of Indian tribes may occur when a tribe is regarded as its own abstraction and its own explanation. In G...