achalasia is a primary motor disorder of the esophagus, in which esophageal emptying is impaired. diagnosis of achalasia is based on clinical findings and confirmed by radiologic, endoscopic and manometric evaluations. several treatments for achalasia have been introduced. we searched the pubmed database for original articles and meta-analyses about achalasia to summarize the current knowledge ...

background: electrocoagulation is a technique involving the electrolytic addition of coagulating metal ions directly from sacrificial electrodes. these ions coagulate with turbidity agents in the water, in a similar manner to the addition of coagulating chemicals such as alum and ferric chloride, and allow the easier removal of the pollutants. purpose of this study was to conduct experimental i...

background endemic goiter is present in most parts of iran. iron deficiency adversely affects the physiology of thyroid. the initial steps of thyroid hormone synthesis are catalyzed by thyroperoxidases and are dependent on iron. in many developing countries, children are at high risk of both goiter and iron deficiency anemia. in addition, iron deficiency may alter central nervous system control...

despite progress in pharmacological and surgical treatments of epilepsy, little is known about the processes that a healthy brain is rendered epileptic after seizure occurrence. growing evidence supports the involvement of inflammatory processes, both the adaptive immunity and systemic inflammatory response, in induction of individual seizures as well as in the epileptogenesis. clinical and exp...

background: very few studies have utilized specific criteria to assess mental disorders in brain tumor patients. this study aimed to diagnose mental disorders in this population using dsm-iv (depression, sleep, and mood) criteria. methods: from march 2007 to july 2009, the surgically treated patients with intracranial neoplasm were included in the study. these patients were examined in an ambul...

p2x7 receptors are purineric receptors that are extracellular atp-gated ion channel. these receptors require high dose or prolonged exposure to atp for initial activation. the activation of these receptors facilitates the formation of inflammasome which activates caspase 1. the p20 and p10 subunits of caspase 1 form active enzyme that then releases active interleukin (il)-1 β and il-18, tumor n...

hepatitis c can be cured and even eradicated by new “revolutionary” treatments. however, at present exorbitant prices, eastern european countries cannot afford the new treatments, while in western rich and developed countries (e.g. germany and france) they are already available. concerted efforts of governments, public health officials, and the community at large, are needed to negotiate agreem...

experiments were set up to estimate the effectiveness of clinoptilolite for the removal ofarsenate from aqueous solutions. the removal of arsenate by the exchanged forms was analyzed in thelight of the langmuir model of adsorption. a kinetic study of adsorption was carried out at differentintervals of time, and the kad values were calculated by using lagergren’s equation. adsorption ofarsenate ...