The prolonged retention of fetal bone structure is an uncommon condition after a previous abortion. We describe two cases with fetal bone fragment amongst 3589 hysteroscopies (0.05%), who had no complaint other than secondary infertility. In both patients, hyperechogenic areas were found through transvaginal ultrasound and the bones were removed by hysteroscopy. Despite meticulous evaluation du...

Public concerns regarding the misdiagnosis of miscarriage 1 have identified a serious weakness in the provision of quality care to women in early pregnancy. The implementation of a clinical initiative to standardise care during early pregnancy 2 is a welcome response to these tragic outcomes. While all imaging modalities have technical limitations, the current controversy over the erroneous dia...

BACKGROUND Primary abdominal pregnancies are potentially life-threatening, particularly without an accurate preoperative diagnosis. CASE A 41-year-old woman presented to the emergency room with 2 days-lasting left upper quadrant abdominal pain, irradiated to the left shoulder. An urine beta-human chorionic gonadotropin test was positive. Transvaginal sonography raised a suspicion of ectopic p...

OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship of ultrasound assessment for amniotic fluid, fetal weight, cervical length, cervical funneling and clinical factors on the risk of Caesarean delivery after labour induction at term. METHODS On hundred and fifty-two women scheduled for labour induction at term agreed to participate. Sonography was performed to obtain fetal biometry, amniotic fluid index and...

BACKGROUND The human ovary contains a fixed number of primordial follicles that decreases bi-exponentially with age, culminating in the menopause at an average age of 50-51 years. There currently is no reliable test of ovarian reserve for individual women that will accurately predict their remaining reproductive lifespan. METHODS AND RESULTS We use the Faddy-Gosden model of human primordial f...

Estrogen and progestin combination in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) increases the incidence of breast cancer, but decreases the endometrial cancer risk of unopposed estrogen. Therefore, a SERM such as Tibolone, that delivers the beneficial, but not the adverse side effects, of steroid hormones would be clinically advantageous. However, data from the Million Women Study suggests that Tibolon...