In this study, the hopping conduction distance and bipolar switching properties of the Gd:SiOx thin film by (radio frequency, rf) rf sputtering technology for applications in RRAM devices were calculated and investigated. To discuss and verify the electrical switching mechanism in various different constant compliance currents, the typical current versus applied voltage (I-V) characteristics of...

This work proposes a direct sequence spread spectrum transmitter with high transmission range and efficiency for audio signals. It is shown that by choosing high process gain for spread spectrum signal the data could reach a range of 55km in the 2.4GHz ISM band. By employing a light modulation scheme, we have a relaxed SNR requirement for having a low bit error rate (BER) which translates to re...

Resistance switching in metal oxides could form the basis for next-generation non-volatile memory. It has been argued that the current in the high-conductivity state of several technologically relevant oxide materials flows through localized filaments, but these filaments have been characterized only indirectly, limiting our understanding of the switching mechanism. Here, we use high-resolution...

The Passive Optical Network (PON) shares transmission facilities to provide broadband services economically. To enhance network survivability, ITU-T Rec. G.983.5 defines some protection switching methods. These methods, however, always bring about signal loss when switching is performed. Moreover, a network operator often has to replace one optical fiber cable with another that takes a differen...

Thyristor controlled reactors are high power switching circuits used for static VAR control and the emerging technology of flexible ac transmission. The static VAR control circuit considered in the paper is a nonlinear periodically operated RLC circuit with a sinusoidal source and ideal thyristors with equidistant firing pulses. This paper describes new instabilities in the circuit in which thy...

we solve the coupled mode equations governing the chalcogenide nonlinear fiber bragg gratings (fbgs) numerically, and obtain the bistability characteristics. the characteristics of the chalcogenide nonlinear fbgs such as: switching threshold intensity, bistability interval, on-off switching ratio are studied. the effects of fbg length and its third order nonlinear refractive index on fbg charac...

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