This narrative review reports on the pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties of rotigotine, a non-ergolinic D₃/D₂/D₁ dopamine receptor agonist approved for the treatment of early- and advanced-stage Parkinson's disease (PD) and moderate to severe restless legs syndrome (RLS). Rotigotine is formulated as a transdermal patch providing continuous drug delivery over 24 h, with a plasma conce...

Transdermal drug delivery offers many advantages over traditional drug delivery methods. However, the natural resistance of the skin to drug permeation represents a major challenge that transdermal drug delivery needs to overcome in a safe and reversible manner. One method for enhancing transdermal drug delivery involves the application of ultrasound (US) to skin to physically overcome the skin...

ethosomes are a novel and alternative drug delivery systems and currently the focus of many research activities. ethosomes are soft, flexible vesicles that are composed mainly of phospholipids, ethanol and water. ethosomes can provide better skin permeation than liposomes and deliver enhanced amounts of both small and large therapeutic agents through skin and targeting to deeper skin layers for...

The increased interest in transdermal drug delivery has highlighted the importance of understanding fluid-particles dynamics in porous media. In this work, the fluid-mediated transport of drug particles in the Corneocytes of Stratum Corneum is investigated by means of the Lattice Boltzmann method, as coupled to a particle dynamics solver to track the trajectory of the drug particles. The numeri...

the objective of present research was to design, evaluate and compare drug release from two different dosage forms in pulsatile drug delivery system (dds) for metoprolol tartarate (mt) as tablet and capsule. pulsatile systems are gaining a lot of interest as they deliver the drug at the right site of action at the right time and in the right amount, thus providing spatial and temporal delivery ...

PURPOSE Barrier properties of the skin and physicochemical properties of drugs are the main factors for the delivery of local anesthetic molecules. The present work evaluates the anesthetic efficacy of drug-loaded nanocarrier (NC) systems for the delivery of local anesthetic drug, ropivacaine (RVC). METHODS In this study, transcriptional transactivator peptide (TAT)-decorated RVC-loaded NCs (...

Skin is an important organ of the body due to offering an accessible and convenient site for drug administration. One of the disadvantages of transdermal drug delivery is the low penetration rate of drugs through the skin. Over the past decades, nanoparticles have been used as drug delivery systems to increase therapeutic effects or reduce toxicity. Encapsulation of drugs in nanoparticulate ves...

The present work comprises the formulation and evaluation delivery system of transdermal drug with a view of developing and preparing a losartan potassium releasing system utilizing natural oils as permeation enhancers for transdermal applications. Matrix systems were prepared by using polyvinyl pyrrolidine and ethyl cellulose (EC) polymers by incorporating dibutyl phthalate as plasticizer and ...