. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650 1. Physiological Control of Gastrointestinal Motility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651 1.1 Stimulation of Gastrointestinal Contractions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

According to the limited information available, exercise has no substantial effect on the absorption of orally given drugs. However, it appears to enhance absorption from intramuscular, subcutaneous, transdermal and inhalation sites. The effects of exercise on drug distribution are complex. Exercise increases muscular blood flow resulting, for example, in the increased binding of digoxin in wor...

The aim of the present investigation was to compare pharmacokinetic profile (bioavailability) of aceclofenac by transdermal and oral application. Nanoemulsion, nanoemulsion gel and marketed tablet (Aceclofar®) were subjected to pharmacokinetic (bioavailability) studies on Wistar male rats. Several pharmacokinetic parameters like Cmax, tmax, AUC0→t, AUC0→α, Ke, and T1/2 were determined for each ...

PURPOSE This study was conducted to assess the effect of skin pre-treatment with Transcutol(®) and eucalyptus oil on systemic absorption of topical trolamine salicylate in rat. METHODS Pharmacokinetic parameters of salicylic acid following administration of trolamine salicylate on rat skin pre-treated with either Transcutol(®) or eucalyptus oil were determined using both non-compartmental and...

Topical drug delivery across the skin can offer many advantages, such as confer sustained drug release, lower fluctuations in plasma drug levels, circumvent first-pass metabolism, improve patient compliance, and provide local (dermal), or systemic (transdermal) effects (Schäfer-Korting et al., 2007; El Maghraby et al., 2008). However, the barrier function of the skin, exerted by the horny layer...

the aim of the present study was to develop and investigate the feasibility of delivering nebivolol as a transdermal patch by iontophoresis. the passive and electrically assisted transdermal delivery of nebivolol hydrochloride by iontophoresis will improve the therapeutic efficacy and overcome the difficulties raised in oral drug delivery. because of its extensive hepatic metabolism and low dos...

      Topical and transdermal drug delivery systems are noninvasive and can be self-administered with the minimization of side-effects, have received increased attention during the past few years. Nanoemulsions, emulsions sized between 20-200 nm with narrow distributions, offer several advantages for topical and transdermal delivery of pharmaceutical agents including controlled droplet size, th...