“Pathogen effector” has been increasingly used in the past decades in the plant-pathogen interactions (Hogenhout et al., 2009).Presently, the definition of pathogen effector commonly adopted the definition given by Sophien Kamoun, that is, effectors are ‘molecules that manipulate host cell structure and function, thereby facilitating infection (virulence factors or toxins) and/or triggering def...

Background: Drug resistance and virulence genes are two key factors for the colonization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in settings with high antibiotic pressure, such as hospitals, development hospital-acquired infections. Objectives: The objective this study was to investigate prevalence drug gene profiles clinical isolates P. Ardabil, Iran. Methods: A total 84 were collected from specimens Ardabi...

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an opportunistic pathogen causing infections in immunocompromised patients, usually shows pronounced antimicrobial resistance. In recent years, the frequency of carbapenemases P. aeruginosa has decreased, which allows use new beta-lactams/combinations therapy. Therefore, vitro evaluation these drugs contemporary isolates is warranted. We evaluated susceptibility and geno...

Alternative hosts increase the difficulty of disease management in crops because these alternate hosts provide additional sources of primary inoculum or refuges for diversity in the pathogen gene pool. Agropyron cristatum (crested wheatgrass), Bromus inermis (smooth bromegrass), Pascopyrum smithii (western wheatgrass), Stipa viridula (green needlegrass), and Thinopyrum intermedium (intermediate...