Two nonstandard modes o f mference, conftrmatton and dental, have been shown by Bandler and Kohout to be vahd m fuzzy propositional and predicate logics. I f demal ts used m combmatton with modus ponens, the resultmg mference mode ("augmented modus ponens") ytelds more prectse bounds on the consequent of an implication than are usually called for m approximate reasoning. Slmdar results hold for...

Modeling human conditional reasoning of the type “if p then q” containing negations poses a challenge for connectionism. An integrate-and-fire pulsed network (INFERNET) was used to model this type of conditional reasoning. This model also provides an insight on certain human limitations. The model is compared to empirical data, and classical explanations. Statistical analysis shows that the mod...

'Aristotelian logic', as it was taught from late antiquity until the 20th century, commonly included a short presentation of the argument forms modus (ponendo) ponens, modus (tollendo) tollens, modus ponendo tollens, and modus tollendo ponens. In late antiquity, arguments of these forms were generally classified as 'hypothetical syllogisms'. However, Aristotle did not discuss such arguments, no...

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HISTORICAL. MANY workers have from time to time investigated Chondrus crispus, but of recent years the most exhaustive work has been done by Sebor. The presence of galactose had been established by Fluckiger and Obermayer [1868], and Bente [1875, 1876] had found among the products of the action ,f acid upon carrageen levulinic acid and a sugar, which showed little or no optical activity. Haedic...