PURPOSE The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARβ/δ) is a transcription factor with roles in metabolism, angiogenesis, and inflammation. It has yet undefined roles in retinal inflammation and diabetic retinopathy (DR). We used RNA-seq to better understand the role of the antagonist and inverse agonist of PPARβ/δ, GSK0660, in TNFα-induced inflammation. Understanding the un...

فوس لا اذ ه يف مدقن ثحب ماظن اً ً لاما آ لع فرعتلل ى تاملآ ) ةي سرافلا ة يطخلا قيلعت سن ( ب ا مادختس ةر يغتملا تلااحلا لوطو ةرمتسملا تادهاشملا فثا كتو يفخلا فوآرام ليدوم (CDVDHMM) . يفو ة لحرم لع لوصحلاو زيو نلا ءا غلإو يرنيا ب تا يلمع د عب ة مدقملا ميد قتلا ى ءازجلأا لا مادخت سا مت ي ةلصتم ةديدج ةيمزراوخ رئاسو طاقنلاو طباهلاو دعاصلا فشكل ءازجلأا يسيئرلا ريوصتلا نم اهبطشو ةيوناثلا . مث ذيفنت متي...

Glial tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) is essential for scaling up of synapses during prolonged activity blockade, but whether TNFα is an instructive or permissive signal is not known. Here we show in rat cortical neurons that the effects of TNFα and activity blockade are not additive; whereas TNFα increased AMPA quantal amplitude at control synapses, TNFα reduced quantal amplitude at prescaled s...

Idiosyncratic drug reactions (IDRs) are poorly understood, unpredictable, and not detected in preclinical studies. Although the cause of these reactions is likely multi-factorial, one hypothesis is that an underlying inflammatory state lowers the tolerance to a xenobiotic. Previously used in an inflammation IDR model, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is heterogeneous in nature, making develop...

Background/Aims The efficacy of anti-tumor necrosis factor α (anti-TNFα) antibodies for postoperative Crohn's disease (CD) in patients who were treated with these agents prior to surgery is largely unknown. Methods CD patients who underwent intestinal resection and received anti-TNFα agents after surgery were divided into 2 groups according to the presence or absence of preoperative anti-TNFα...

VIDEO ABSTRACT Glutamatergic gliotransmission provides a stimulatory input to excitatory synapses in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Here, we show that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) critically controls this process. With constitutive TNFα present, activation of astrocyte P2Y1 receptors induces localized [Ca(2+)](i) elevations followed by glutamate release and presynaptic NMDA receptor-depen...

PURPOSE Oncolytic herpes simplex viruses (oHSV) represent a promising therapy for glioblastoma (GBM), but their clinical success has been limited. Early innate immune responses to viral infection reduce oHSV replication, tumor destruction, and efficacy. Here, we characterized the antiviral effects of macrophages and microglia on viral therapy for GBM. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Quantitative flow cyt...

Objective(s) Using herbal medicines as a complementary treatment method is increasing in wide variety of diseases. MS14-an herbal-marine preparation-is reported to have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities; however, the mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect is not known. Macrophages play an important role in host defense mechanisms and carry out their role by producing vario...