Hybrid resequencing of the antibacterial innate immune genes coding for toll-like receptors, namely TLR1, TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR6, using HiSeq PacBio technologies pooled population samples Czech Simmental (Czech Red) cattle allowed us to determine haplotypes formed by polymorphisms present. Directly determined within range large proximal amplicon in TLR2 two clusters network tree graph. The ...

Toll-like receptors (TLR) detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and play a crucial role in triggering immunity. Due to their large surfaces in direct contact with the environment, mucosal tissues are the major sites of PAMP-TLR signalling. How innate and adaptive immunity are triggered through flagellin-TLR5 interaction is the main focus of the review. In view of recent reports o...

The clinical manifestations of human Salmonellosis result largely from the innate immune response elicited by this pathogen. Specifically, Salmonella typhimurium colonization of the intestinal epithelium induces the epithelium to secrete chemokines that recruit immune cells, especially polymorphonuclear leukocytes (McCormick et al., 1998a; McCormick et al., 1998b; McCormick et al., 1993). Such ...

Escherichia coli is a frequent cause of clinical mastitis in dairy cows. It has been shown that a prompt response of the mammary gland after E. coli entry into the lumen of the gland is required to control the infection, which means that the early detection of bacteria is of prime importance. Yet, apart from lipopolysaccharide (LPS), little is known of the bacterial components which are detecte...

Flavonoids are known to exert anti-inflammatory activity but their mechanism at receptor level and comparative potencies less studied. Objective of the study is evaluate, rank order few flavonoids for cytokine inhibitory in monocytes (THP-1) explore signature among toll-like receptors (TLRs). We tested potential inhibit LPS induced cytokines IL-6, TNF alpha human monocyte cell line THP-1 mouse ...

The TLR5 gene encodes an innate immunity receptor. Mice lacking Tlr5 (T5KO) develop insulin resistance and increased adiposity. Owing to the segregation of a dominant nonsense polymorphism (R392X, rs5744168), a portion of humans lack TLR5 function. We investigated whether the nonsense polymorphism influences obesity and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes (T2D). R392X was genotyped in two cohorts...

Despite tremendous progress in our understanding of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) natural history and advances in HIV treatment, there is neither an approved vaccine nor a cure for infection. Here, we describe the development and characterization of a novel replicating vaccine vector utilizing Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and a TLR5 adjuvant. After partial truncation of the central, immunodominan...

Salmonella typhimurium is a gram-negative enteric pathogen that invades the mucosal epithelium and is associated with diarrheal illness in humans. Flagellin from S. typhimurium and other gram-negative bacteria has been shown to be the predominant proinflammatory mediator through activation of the basolateral Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5). Recent evidence has shown that prior exposure can render i...

Radiation-induced acute intestinal toxicity remains a major limitation to the delivery of tumoricidal doses of colorectal irradiation. Recent reports indicate that Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists TLR4 and TLR5 protect against toxicity due to intestinal irradiation. The phenotype (M1 or M2) of macrophages expressing TLRs may play a role in tissue repair. The aim was to investigate whether admi...

The aim of our study was to compare patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and healthy controls regarding the expression of toll-like receptors 2, 4, 5, and 9 (TLR2, TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9), the primary mucosal receptors of bacterial components, in small and large bowel mucosa. Methods. We analysed biopsies from jejunum and sigmoid colon of 22 patients (17 females) with IBS aged 18-66 (medi...