Previous studies showed marked decrease of multiple Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression in corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells upon culture in vitro. The aim of this study was to identify factor(s) which regulate TLR expression. Primary human conjunctival epithelial cells and immortal conjunctival (IOBA-NHC) and corneal epithelial cell lines (HCET) were used. The effect of various cytokin...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogens and their components, thereby initiating immune responses to infectious organisms. TLR ligation leads to the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs through well-defined pathways, but it has remained unclear how TLR signaling activates PI3K, which provides an inhibitory pathway limiting TLR responses. Here, we show that the signaling adapter B-cell adaptor f...

OBJECTIVE The authors aimed to explore the relationship between the expression/polymorphisms of TLR-9 and susceptibility to colon cancer development in the Saudi Arabian population. METHODS In total, blood samples from 115 patients with colon cancer and 102 participants without colon cancer were analyzed in this study. Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected from the TLR-9 ...

Hypertension and associated inflammatory processes that accelerate cardiovascular damage are regulated by the innate immune system. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are major components of the innate immune system that recognize endogenous damage-associated molecular patterns to activate prominent inflammatory signaling including activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). However, the role of TLR in the...

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling has been implicated in inflammatory-related cancers. The upregulation of TLR signaling in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) suggests that it may play an essential role in the prognosis of chronic and inflammatory diseases that ultimately culminate in HCC. Here, we provide evidence about the involvement of the TLR pathway in the initiation, progression, and metast...

Helicobacter pylori is the causative agent for developing gastritis, gastric ulcer, and even gastric cancer. Virulent strains carry the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI) encoding a type-IV secretion system (T4SS) for injecting the CagA protein. However, mechanisms of sensing this pathogen through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and downstream signalling pathways in the development of different patho...

The study aims to explore the effects of TLR-2/NF-κB signaling pathway on the occurrence of degenerative knee osteoarthritis (OA). Degenerative knee OA and normal cartilage samples were collected from patients with degenerative knee OA receiving total knee arthroplasty and amputation. Expressions of TLR-2, NF-κB and MMP-13 were determined by qRT-PCR and immunochemistry. The chondrocytes were di...

OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the role of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in colorectal carcinogenesis. METHODS The PubMed, CISCOM, CINAHL, Web of Science, Google Scholar, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, and CBM databases were searched from inception through November 1st, 2013 without language restrictions. Odds ratios (ORs) or standardized mean differences (SMD) with their 95%...

cellular and molecular pathways link thrombosis and innate immune system during sepsis. extrinsic pathway activation of protease thrombin through fviia and tissue factor (tf) in sepsis help activate its endothelial cell (ec) membrane protease activated receptor 1 (par-1). thrombin adjusts the ec cycle through activation of g proteins (g12/13), and later through rho gefs (guanine nucleotide exch...