Dramatic changes in ecosystem services have motivated recent work characterizing their interactions, including identifying trade-offs and synergies. Although time is arguably implicit in these ideas of trade-offs and synergies (e.g., temporal dynamics or changes in ecosystem services), such interactions are routinely inferred based on the spatial relationships among ecosystem services alone (e....

Memory limitations are known to constrain language comprehension and production, have been argued account for crosslinguistic word order regularities. However, a systematic assessment of the role memory in structure has proven elusive, part because it is hard extract precise large-scale quantitative generalizations about from existing mechanistic models use sentence processing. We provide an ar...

The evolution of ecological trade-offs is an important component of ecological specialization and adaptive radiation. However, the pattern that would show that evolutionary trade-offs have occurred between traits among species has not been clearly defined. In this paper, we propose a phylogeny-based definition of an evolutionary trade-off, and apply it to an analysis of the evolution of trade-o...

For current state-of-the-art satisfiability algorithms based on the DPLL procedure and clause learning, the two main bottlenecks are the amounts of time and memory used. In the field of proof complexity, these resources correspond to the length and space of resolution proofs for formulas in conjunctive normal form (CNF). There has been a long line of research investigating these proof complexit...

We give an algorithm for the hidden subgroup problem for the dihedral group DN , or equivalently the cyclic hidden shift problem, that supersedes our first algorithm and is suggested by Regev’s algorithm. It runs in exp(O( √ logN)) quantum time and uses exp(O( √ logN)) classical space, but only O(logN) quantum space. The algorithm also runs faster with quantumly addressable classical space than...

Prey organisms are confronted with time and resource allocation trade-offs. Time allocation trade-offs partition time, for example, between foraging effort to acquire resources and behavioral defense. Resource allocation trade-offs partition the acquired resources between multiple traits, such as growth or morphological defense. We develop a mathematical model for prey organisms that comprise t...

The authors examined the effects of divided attention (DA) at encoding and retrieval in free recall, cued recall, and recognition memory in 4 experiments. Lists of words or word pairs were presented auditorily and recalled orally; the secondary task was a visual continuous reaction-time (RT) task with manual responses. At encoding, DA was associated with large reductions in memory performance, ...