In nineteen years, the National Library of Medicine (NLM) begins its third century—that means that the master’s of library and information science (MLIS) graduate student who will be entering study in 2036 is three years old about now. What opportunities await our emerging librarian? What is the foundation of the NLM of 2036 that will ensure that it continues to serve medicine, health care, dis...

Harris lines (HL) are considered a nutritional or pathological stress factor in the study of past populations. This study attempts to contribute to the knowledge of the causal agents for HL in terms of assessing the health state of the population of Tarragona in the Roman period. The presence of HL has been analyzed in 614 long bones (214 humeri, 150 femurs and 250 tibias) from 243 skeletons. N...

Tandem language learning occurs when two learners of different native languages work together to help each other learn the other language. First used in faceto-face contexts, Tandem is now increasingly being used by language-learning partners located in different countries who are linked via various forms of electronic communication, a context that has become known as eTandem. In addition to pr...

in primeval societies, language like all other aspects of life, was dependant on customs and traditions considered holy by people. when the societies changed and lost their natural status, a special type of language was started to develop commensurate with social changes. from the 3rd century, islamic society has witnessed important changes such as increase of wealth, power transfer, emergence ...

Development of a phylogenetic classification has been a primary pursuit of crinoid paleontologists during the 20th century. Wachsmuth and Springer and Bather vigorously debated crinoid classification during the waning years of the 19th century, and although tremendous progress has been made a comprehensive phylogenetic classification is still the primary objective for crinoid research during th...

Each generation of physicians believes the problems they face are unique. History shows that very few situations are new to medicine. Some appear to have been around for centuries (medical institutions' "cherry-picking" of patients, third-party interference in medical care), while others have been around for millennia (competition among physicians, competition between physicians and nonphysicia...