We investigate the back-reaction effect of the quantum field on the topological degrees of freedom in (2+1)-dimensional toroidal universe, M ≃ T 2 × R. Constructing a homogeneous model of the toroidal universe, we examine explicitly the back-reaction effect of the Casimir energy of a massless, conformally coupled scalar field, with a conformal vacuum. The back-reaction causes an instability of ...

We investigate the back-reaction e ect of the quantum eld on the topological degrees of freedom in (2+1)-dimensional toroidal universe, M ' T 2 R. Constructing a homogeneous model of the toroidal universe, we examine explicitly the back-reaction e ect of the Casimir energy of a massless, conformally coupled scalar eld, with a conformal vacuum. The back-reaction causes an instability of the univ...

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine variations in central corneal thickness (CCT) of preschool and school-aged African American and white children. Secondary aims were to assess possible correlations between CCT measurements and gender, axial length, intraocular pressure (IOP), family history of glaucoma, or history of prematurity. METHODS Contact ultrasound was used to measure...

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to examine the enamel thickness of the maxillary primary incisors of preterm children with very low birth weight (< 1,500 g) compared to full-term children with normal birth weight. METHODS A total of 90 exfoliated maxillary primary central incisors were investigated using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Three serial buccolingual grou...

Purpose We evaluated the retinal effects of systemic metabolic changes clustered under the umbrella of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in comparison with age-matched healthy subjects. Methods Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) retinal segmentation analysis of 29 patients with MetS and 36 control subjects was performed. Patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), uncontrolled hypertension,...

OBJECTIVE To determine the proportion of patients in a private dermatology practice in whom melanoma was detected but was not the presenting complaint. DESIGN Retrospective analytical case series. SETTING Private dermatology practice in Florida, from July 2005 through October 2008. Patients Patients with 126 melanomas, of which 51 were invasive and 75 were melanomas in situ. MAIN OUTCOME ...