This paper draws on doctoral research that explores boys’ understandings of masculinity. It reports on a doctoral study conducted in an all boys’ Australian, secondary college with almost 300 Year 12 students. This paper presents boys’ descriptions of the qualities they consider make for masculinity and the processes involved in becoming masculine. It highlights the dichotomy experienced by som...

We consider measuring the degree of homogeneity for preference-approval profiles which include the approval information for the alternatives as well as the rankings of them. A distance-based approach is followed to measure the disagreement for any given two preference-approvals. Under the condition that a proper metric is used, we propose a measure of consensus which is robust to some extension...

how to deal with the prohibiting forbiddance in the context of trade is the difficult mystery of forbidden professions (makāsib muharrameh). some would consider it as an autumn breeze, impeding the thriving transactions of the market; others perceive the encounter of the forbidding prohibition with trade as a collision of two chemicals getting mixed with each other and producing a third materia...

condition of guaranty against tenant is a prevalent order in rent contracts nowadays. logically and profoundly it was be documented and peruse in juridical jurist believe to authenticity of it.although it is not mention frankly in civil law, but itappear that view point of discomfit is accepted - unlike current judicial procedure - by consider in article 493 particularly and article 614 general...

there has been, and still is, a huge difference of opinions on the exact time of true dawn (al-fajr al-sadegh) which is the starting point for the morning prayer as well as fasting. the root of this disagreement among muslim jurists should be sought in their reading of the 187th verse of the second chapter of the holy quran. using classical arabic literature and available commentaries of the qu...