Although each statistical unit on which measurements are taken is unique typically there is not enough information available to account totally for its uniqueness. Therefore heterogeneity among units has to be limited by structural assumptions. One classical approach is to use random effects models, which assume that heterogeneity can be described by distributional assumptions. However, inferen...

Meta-analysis is a standard statistical method used to combine the conclusions of individual studies that are related and the results of single study alone can not answered to deal with issues. The data are summarized by one or more outcome measure estimates along with their standard errors. The multivariate model and the variations between studies are not considered in most articles. Here we d...

This paper sheds some light on the problems associated with random effects gravity approaches. Arguments for the superiority of a fixed effects model are given both along intuitive and econometric lines based on a Hausman test.  2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.

This paper uses data drawn from the English Football League to model separate hazard rates for club managers for the 2001/2, 2002/3 and 2003/4 seasons. On average over the three seasons, approximately one-third of managers involuntarily exited employment status with their club. We model the hazard using a standard logistic model exploiting information on the spell at risk rather than the indivi...

background: proteolytic enzymes have an important role in variety of physiological and pathological functions. they have been used in therapeutic and pharmaceutical applications. characterizations of extracellular proteases from various strains of s. marcescens indicate that most strains produce a very similar major metalloprotease. this metalloprotease (serrapeptidase, serrapeptase) is an impo...

background: cd52 is a small glycoprotein with a gpi anchor at its c-terminus. cd52 is expressed by normal and malignant t and b lymphocytes and monocytes. there are detectable amounts of soluble cd52 in plasma of patients with cll and could be used as a tumor marker. although the biological function of cd52 is unknown but it seems that cd52 may be involved in migration and activation of t-cells...

background: we evaluated the in vivo activity of bunium persicum (boiss) essential oil on infected mice with acute toxoplasmosis. methods: to evaluate prophylactic effects, male nmri mice received b. persicum essential oil at the concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 ml/kg for 14 days . after 24 h mice were infected intraperitonealy with 1×10 4 tachyzoites of t. gondii, rh strain. in order to investig...

abstract background: nausea and vomiting are the worst and the most prevalent complications experienced by 70–80% of patients. complementary treatments including therapeutic touch are cost‑effective and low‑risk, independent nursing interventions. present research aims at investigating the effect of therapeutic touch on the intensity of acute chemotherapy‑induced vomiting in these patients. mat...

abstract background: hypertension has become a major problem throughout the world, especially in developing countries like iran. as it is a major risk factor for coronary heart disease, even small reductions in the prevalence can have potentially large public health benefits. among the complementary methods, massage provides an effective means to lower the blood pressure. if nurses perceive the...

Apoptosis is a kind of programmed cell death that is naturally necessary for homeostasis and some processes like organogenesis and implantation of embryo; so it is not pathologic and harmful all the time. The purpose of this commentary was to describe the ways of stimulating and inhibiting the apoptosis process; because rather in the therapeutic protocols we should stimulate or inhibi...