Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Babesia, and Theileria are the major apicomplexan parasites affecting humans or animals worldwide. These pathogens represent an excellent example of host manipulators who can overturn host signaling pathways for their survival. They infect different types of host cells and take charge of the host machinery to gain nutrients and prevent itself from host a...

background: equine piroplasmosis (ep) is the cause of persistent tick-borne infection with no symptoms, but the most important problem of ep is due to the persistent carrier state. carrier animals to babesia ( theileria ) equi (laveran 1901) and b. caballi (nuttall, 1910) infestation could be identified by extremely sensitive pcr-based method. the purpose of this study was to identify the causa...

Myiasis is the infestation by dipterous larvae. The larvae can infect intact or decaying tissue including the skin or epithelial surfaces of the orbits, nose, and genitourinary and gastrointestinal tracts. We report a case of primary obligatory nasal myiasis by Oestrus ovis in a 56-year-old man from Cusco in Peru. He presented with nasal pruritus, congestion, and sneezing white "cottony" materi...

The polymerase chain reaction and oligonucleotide probing were used to detect Theileria and Cowdria species in DNA extracted from blood and ticks recovered from 24 African buffalo during a gamecapture operation in the Kruger National Park, South Africa. Species-specific probing indicated that all but one of the buffalo were carrying at least one Theileria species. Indirect fluorescent antibody ...

Received: Revised: Accepted: Published online: June 18, 2016 October 13, 2016 October 14, 2016 November 17, 2016 The word-wildly spread Theileria, is an economical important parasite to sheep and goats production. However, a little is known about whether goats in Hubei province are exposed to Theileriosis. Therefore, a survey was conducted to investigate the prevalence of Theileria infection in...

Theileria parasites infect and transform cells of the ruminant immune system. Continuous proliferation and survival of Theileria-transformed cells involves the well-orchestrated activation of several host-cell signalling pathways. Constitutive NF-kappa B (nuclear factor kappa B) activation is accomplished by recruiting the IKK (I kappa B kinase) complex, a central regulator of NF-kappa B pathwa...

Multiple determinants have been hypothesized to cause or favor disease outbreaks among free-ranging bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) populations. This paper considered direct and indirect causes of mortality, as well as potential interactions among proposed environmental, host, and agent determinants of disease. A clear, invariant relationship between a single agent and field outbreaks has not y...

This study was carried out in order to detect antibodies to Babesia (Theileria) equi in the local breed of horses in the province of Kars, Turkey. A total of 108 serum samples from apparently healthy horses in eight villages were examined for B. equi antibodies by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Of the 108 samples tested, 27 (25%) were found to be seropositive. The horses sa...

The prevalence of Theileria lestoquardi antibodies in Sudanese sheep from nine geographical areas in Sudan was determined using indirect fluorescent antibody "IFA" test. Out of 315 samples examined, 51 (16.2%) were found positive and ranged between 23.4% in River Nile State and 10% in Kasala and Darfour Provinces with an overall prevalence of 16.2% indicating widespread distribution of the infe...

This study was carried out to determine the presence and frequency of Anaplasma ovis and Anaplasma marginale in sheep and dairy cattle in West-Azerbaijan province, Iran. A total number of 200 blood samples were randomly collected via the jugular vein from apparently healthy cattle (100) and sheep (100). The extracted DNA from blood cells was screened using genus-specific (Anaplasma spp.) nested...