The Poverty measurement and its determinants are the most important factors in poverty alleviation programs. In this paper, we estimate poverty line and its dimensions by using Linear Expenditure System. To that end, we use household level data from the Statistics Center of Iran during the period of 1994-2008. We examine the main determinants of poverty for urban households using a probi...

Intordaetion: The differences in various geographical areas can no longer be explained by the differences in traditional inputs. There is growing evidence that social capital stands for the ability of producers to get benefit, by virtue of membership in social networks or other social structures in economic outcome (Portes, 1998 and Okunmadewa, et al. 2005 cited in Yusuf, 2008). Thus there ...

The effect of equivalence scale on poverty line has been considered as a predetermined parameter in all previous studies about the estimation of poverty lines in Iran. As household’s members can benefit from economies of scale in consumption, the cost of reaching to a given level of welfare does not increase one to one in household scale. So the effect of household scale on poverty line as a pr...

One of the main goals of many households is to improve the quality of their children by increasing their education expenditure. This study investigates the factors affecting on education expenditure as measure of quality of children by using the Households’ Income and Expenditure survey dataset over 2010-2014 and utilizing Tobit  models. The result of Tobit shows that with addition of one perso...

chapter i provides an overview of structural linguistics and touches upon the saussurean dichotomies with the final goal of exploring their relevance to the stylistic studies of literature. to provide evidence for the singificance of the study, chapter ii deals with the controversial issue of linguistics and literature, and presents opposing views which, at the same time, have been central to t...

Background and Objectives: One of the fair financial protection indexes in monitoring health systems is estimating impoverishment due to health care expenditure. The aim of this study was to measure the percentage of households impoverished due to out-of-pocket(OOP) payments in Iran provinces during2008-2014. Methods: The present retrospective descriptive study was conducted based on data fr...

if the precise implementation of the principle of proportion and:balance between the violation and the penalty as well as the other dimensions could be considered as a stick yard for the imptementation of justice any lack of preciseness in carrying out such principle would not indeed be much too far from injustice . naturally ,if it would be imagined that the objective of balance between...

abstract: proverbs are of the language materials which of the food of any language depends on the quality and quantity of these same materials. in the present research, the researcher tried to present the ramsarian proverbs according to four variables of color, fruit, plantsand animals that selected from the book of the members of each of these four variables, put them into the spss system fo...

Objectives Over the past few decades, Iran has faced rapid demographic changes, including a sharp decline in birth rates and increased life expectancy. This has led to an increase in the average age of the population and an increase in the percentage of the elderly people which is called “the phenomena of aging”. The occurrence of this phenomenon in Iran is rapidly increasing, and therefore the...