Three dimensional gels of aligned collagen fibers were patterned in vitro using microfluidic channels. Collagen fiber orientation plays an important role in cell signaling for many tissues in vivo, but alignment has been difficult to realize in vitro. For microfluidic collagen fiber alignment, collagen solution was allowed to polymerize inside polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) channels ranging from ...

Riffle-pool sequences are fundamental, ubiquitous morphological features of alluvial rivers that thoroughly studied in general and commonly incorporated into river restoration projects. Most previous investigations on the effect riffle-pool hyporheic exchanges focused solely bed undulation, because is widely thought to be defining feature sequences. However, riffle- pool also have significant w...

We have numerically solved the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation in its standard and inertial forms to study magnetization switching dynamics a $3d$ thin film ferromagnet. The is triggered by ultrashort magnetic field pulses of varying width amplitude picosecond Tesla range. compared solutions two equations terms characteristic, speed, energy analysis. Both return qualitatively similar dyn...