An oft-cited belief that, until recently, simulators used in education of health care professionals were simple models is wrong. Hundreds of years ago and, in one instance, thousands of years ago, intricate models were used to help teach anatomy and physiology and in training in obstetrics and many surgical disciplines. Simulators were used to learn skills before performing them on patients and...

conclusions this study presents medical and pharmacological approaches in itm for dealing with complications arising from constipation. considering the optimistic results, these herbs can be used as a means of constipation management and further investigation into this area can potentially lead to the formulation of new drugs. results in itm doctrine, laxatives are weak purgatives that lead to ...

BACKGROUND For more than 1500 years, the status of knowledge concerning the physiology of human respiration has remained almost unchanged. In the 18th century, the French chemist Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier conducted breathing experiments on human and animal respiration. METHODS The main bibliographic sources concerning Lavoisier's life and work on respiration have been investigated and anal...

We report on building a computational model of romantic relationships in a corpus of historical literary texts. We frame this task as a ranking problem in which, for a given character, we try to assign the highest rank to the character with whom (s)he is most likely to be romantically involved. As data we use a publicly available corpus of French 17th and 18th century plays (http://www.theatre-...

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25 years ago, in a provocative reconsideration of English political and social history, English Society 1688–1832, J. C. D. Clark advanced the then contentious claim that until the end of the long 18th century England remained what he styled a ‘confessional state’.(1) Missing from the wave of prior work by social and political historians of 18th-century England, Clark argued, was a close attent...

The first cancer descriptions in history are discussed according to recent findings and their interpretation, which show it as a group of unknown diseases until the 18th century, when it started to increase to actual levels. Medical literature shows a variety of what were considered cancer lesions, which are actually different lesions. This is partly due to an etymological misunderstanding of t...