Compared with healthy tuberculin reactors, Mycobacterium tuberculosis-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from tuberculosis patients had diminished production and mRNA expression of the Th1 cytokines gamma interferon and interleukin 2 (IL-2), with no change in production and mRNA expression for the Th2 cytokines IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. These results were confirmed by evaluation of T c...

ture regarding the regulation of the immune responses and the induction of tolerance, a process critical to the understanding of the rejection of solid organ grafts, graft versus host disease, and autoimmune disorders. Tolerance comes in two forms: In central tolerance , T cells that respond to a specific antigen are deleted in the thymus before emigrating to the " periphery " or systemic circu...

Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) are commonly colonized/infected with Staphylococcus aureus, and this bacterium is known to worsen the dermatitis. In this issue, Brauweiler et al. demonstrate a newly discovered mechanism by which Th2 cytokines involved in AD augment the toxicity of the lytic staphylococcal protein alpha toxin. This review presents mechanisms by which Th2 cytokines may inter...

The classification of T helper cells into type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) led to the hypothesis that Th1 cells and their cytokines (interleukin [IL]-2, interferon [IFN]-gamma) are involved in cell-mediated autoimmune diseases, and that Th2 cells and their cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13) are involved in autoantibody(humoral)-mediated autoimmune diseases. However, this paradigm has been refute...

Th1 cells, which express IL-18R, produce IFN-gamma in response to Ag and IL-2 and increase further production of IFN-gamma upon additional IL-18 stimulation. They simultaneously produce Th2 cytokines (IL-9 and IL-13), GM-CSF and chemokines (RANTES, MIP-1alpha). Human Th1 cells also produce IFN-gamma and IL-13 in response to anti-CD3 and IL-18. Recently, we demonstrated Th1 cells induce intrinsi...

Recently, an increasing number of studies have focused on the effects of CD4+ T cell on cognitive function. However, the changes of Th2 cytokines in restricted CD4+ T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire model and their effects on the adult hippocampal neurogenesis and memory are not fully understood. Here, we investigated whether and how the mice with restricted CD4+ repertoire TCR exhibit learning ...

The immune response activatesB cells to produce antibody and T cells to mediate cytotoxicity or produce cytokines. An important division in the development of T cells is their tendency to develop into subpopulations producing either TH1 or TH2 cytokines. The TH1 cytokines include interferon g, tumour necrosis factor b (TNFb) and interleukin 2 (IL-2), while the cytokines which best characterize ...

Type-1 and type-2 lung granulomas respectively elicited by bead immobilized Mycobacteria bovis (PPD 1) and Schistosoma mansoni egg (SEA) Ags display different patterns chemokine expression. This study tested the hypothesis that chemokine expression patterns were related to upstream cytokine signaling. Using quantitative transcript analysis we defined expression profiles for 16 chemokines and th...