Airway exposure levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) determine type I versus type II helper T cell induced experimental asthma. While high LPS levels induce Th1-dominant responses, low LPS levels derive Th2 cell induced asthma. The present paper develops a mathematical model of asthma development which focuses on the relative balance of Th1 and Th2 cell induced asthma. In the present work we repr...

The nature (Th1 versus Th2) and dynamics of the autoimmune response during the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and after immunotherapy are unclear. Here, we show in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice that the autoreactive T cell response starts and spreads as a pure Th1 type autoimmunity, suggesting that a spontaneous Th1 cascade underlies disease progression. Surprisingly, ...

Following activation, naive CD4+ Th cells can differentiate to selectively produce either the Th1 lineage-specific cytokine IFN-gamma or the Th2 cytokine IL-4 and, in so doing, lose the capacity to produce cytokines of the alternative lineage. Lineage commitment of murine CD4+ T cells has largely been considered to be absolute with little flexibility to produce cytokines of the opposing lineage...

We demonstrate here that immunizing naïve mice with low numbers of recombinant Bacille Calmette-Guérin (rBCG) expressing beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) generates predominant Th1 responses to both BCG and beta-gal whereas infection with high numbers generates a mixed Th1/Th2 response to both BCG and beta-gal. Furthermore, the Th1 response to both BCG and beta-gal is stable when mice, pre-exposed ...

C D4 ϩ T cells secreting restricted Th1 and Th2 patterns of cytokines differentially regulate infectious diseases and autoimmunity (1). Production of the Th1-specific cyto-kines, IFN-␥ and TNF␤, is required for clearance or control of many viral and protozoan infections, but the inflammatory reactions caused by these cytokines may mediate tissue destruction in autoimmune diseases such as rheuma...

We present and analyze a model for the cross-regulation of the Th1 and Th2 helper cell subsets during an immune response by the regulatory cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN)-gamma) and interleukin-10 (IL-10). IFN-gamma, secreted by Th1 cells, can inhibit the proliferation of Th2 cells. Interleukin-10, secreted by Th2 cells, inhibits cytokine production by Th1 cells. Based on these properties, the...

In this study, the early innate cytokine and chemokine response of murine dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was compared. The findings indicate a dissimilar gene expression pattern between the two cell types. The expression of IL-12 and IL-23, important for promoting Th1 and Th17 cells, respectively, was up-regulated only in DCs. In addition, expressi...

Graves' hyperthyroidism, an organ-specific autoimmune disease mediated by stimulatory thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) autoantibodies, has been considered a Th2-dominant disease. However, recent data with mouse Graves' models are conflicting. For example, we recently demonstrated that injection of BALB/c mice with adenovirus coding the TSHR induced Graves' hyperthyroidism characterized by mixed Th1 ...

Canine leishmaniasis is an important zoonotic disease of dogs. The clinical outcome of infection is variable, with the efficiency of the immune response being the key determining factor. There is now a general consensus that a predominant Th1 immune profile in an overall mixed Th1/Th2 response is associated with resistance in dogs, and the absence of a strong Th1 influence is associated with a ...

Background: Tumor associated antigens can be viably used to enhance host immune response. Objectives: The immunomodulatory effect of biogenic selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) was compared between treated and untreated mice with crude antigens of 4T1 cells. Materials and Methods: Female inbred BALB/c mice (60) were injected by cancinogenic 4T1 cells causing breast cancer. After 10 days, all tumor ...