The chemokine Interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) are widely used indicators of glial activation and neuroinflammation and are up-regulated in many brain disorders. These inflammatory mediators have been widely studied in rodent models of brain disorders, but less work has been undertaken using human brain cells. In this study we investigate the regulat...

Leucine-rich α2-glycoprotein (LRG) is an approximately 50-kDa glycoprotein that has been found to be elevated in the sera of patients with several types of cancer. LRG directly binds to transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1) and modulates TGFβ1 signaling in endothelial cells; however, the precise function of LRG in cancer remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role of LRG in ca...

Current therapy for chronic kidney disease (CKD) is unsatisfactory because of an insufficient understanding of its pathogenesis. Matrix remodelling-associated protein 5 (MXRA5, adlican) is a human protein of unknown function with high kidney tissue expression, not present in rodents. Given the increased expression of MXRA5 in injured tissues, including the kidneys, we have suggested that MXRA5 ...

The precise mechanism of TGFβ1 signaling in the progression of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has remained unclear. In particular, a potential regulatory mechanism by which PKCδ affects profibrogenic gene expression had never been explored. In this study, therefore, the role of PKCδ in TGFβ1 mediated α-SMA expression was investigated using NASH model mice. In preparation of the NASH model...

Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) receptor overexpression, KRAS, TP53, CDKN2A and SMAD4 mutations characterize pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. This mutational landscape might influence cancer cells response to EGF, Transforming Growth Factor β1 (TGFβ1) and stromal inflammatory calcium binding proteins S100A8/A9. We investigated whether chronic exposure to EGF modifies in a SMAD4-dependent manner ...

Purpose Fibrotic scarring after ocular surgeries and chemical burn injuries can impede clarity of the cornea and cause vision impairment. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) signaling pathway is known to mediate fibrotic scarring, and NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species has been shown to be an effector molecule that facilitates TGFβ1-mediated responses. The present study explores the ...

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is a cytokine with autocrine and paracrine action in the testis and potent immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory activities. In the present study, we examined the concentration of latent (acid-activatable) and free (active) TGFβ in seminal plasma from normal subjects (n J 23) and infertile (n J 40) patients, by using a TGFβ specific immunoenzymological assay...

We have recently described two types of Langerhans cells (LCs), which develop via separate pathways in steady-state conditions and during inflammation. Here, we propose that these two types of LCs differ in their requirement for transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), and we discuss how TGFβ1 impacts on the development of other dendritic cell subtypes.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer, and the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. It is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, and hence typically has a poor prognosis. A number of distinct molecules have been recently identified as playing a role in the control of cancer progression. However, patients with HCC have a highly variable clinical cou...

Purpose: There is evidence supporting the concept of tumor progression from pulmonary adenocarcinoma in situ (formerly bronchioloalveolar carcinoma, BAC) to adenocarcinoma with varying degrees of invasion. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) in tumor invasiveness in lung adenocarcinoma, and to determine the potential relationships between i...