James Costen, otolaryngologist, cited by Edward F. Wright, [1,2] described a few symptoms related to the ear and Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ), which he grouped in term Costen syndrome, Bell [3] suggested Disorders (TMD).

Temporomandibular disorders embrace a number of clinical conditions that involves the masticatory musculature, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and associated structures. The most frequent cause of TMJ disorders are disc derangement disorders which involve progressive slipping or displacement of articular disc. Various conservative treatment strategies for disc derangement disorders includes pharm...

AIMS: Sjӧgren Syndrome is a disorder involving oral tissues, with xerostomia, dysgeusia, dysphagia, tooth decay, gingivitis, angular cheilitis and glossitis. Temporomandibular disorders are a generic term referred to clinical conditions involving the jaw muscles and temporomandibular joint. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of oral manifestations and temporomandibular diso...

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of unknown etiology involving the central nervous system. Certain clinical manifestations affect the oro-facial region. Three in particular should be of interest to the dentist: trigeminal neuralgia, sensory neuropathy of the trigeminal nerve and facial palsy. The aim of this study was to determine the oral health status, the frequency of subje...

The origins of the symptoms were based on only one factor – mechanical condylar displacement (Costen’s syndrome), parafunction (bruxism) as a consequence of occlusal interferences causing muscular spasm and muscular hyperactivity (neuromuscular theory) and muscular hyperactivity which causes muscle tension and spasm (muscular theory). The psychological theory considers temporomandibular disorde...

This review explores the aetiology of temporomandibular disorders and discusses the controversies in variable treatment modalities.Pathologies of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and its' associated muscles of mastication are jointly termed temporomandibular disorders (TMDs).TMDs present with a variety of symptoms which include pain in the joint and its surrounding area, jaw clicking, limited ...

Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a generic term used for any problem concerning the jaw joint. Injury to the jaw, temporomandibular joint, or muscles of the head and neck can cause TMD. Other possible causes include grinding or clenching the teeth, which puts a lot of pressure on the TMJ; dislocation of the disc; presence of osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis in the TMJ; stress, which ca...

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the association between the clinical and cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) findings in relation to bony changes in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD).METHODS: According to the research diagnostic criteria for temporomandibular disorder (RDC/TMD), forty-one patients with type II TMD (42 TM joints) and type III TMD (40 TM joi...