Bragg X-ray scattering intensities are defined as scattering by the thermodynamic average electroncharge density. Purely elastic, kinematic X-ray scattering by a target in thermal equilibrium is always larger than Bragg scattering. At low temperatures, the elastic scattering becomes Bragg scattering. For large molecules, such as a crystal, at ordinary temperatures the elastic and Bragg scatteri...

Here we extend a recently introduced state-to-state kinetic model describing single- and multi-quantum vibrational excitation of molecular beams of NO scattering from a Au(111) metal surface. We derive an analytical expression for the rate of electronically non-adiabatic vibrational energy transfer, which is then employed in the analysis of the temperature dependence of the kinetics of direct o...

In this Letter, the first spin noise spectroscopy measurements in semiconductor systems of reduced effective dimensionality are reported. The nondemolition measurement technique gives access to the otherwise concealed intrinsic, low temperature electron spin relaxation time of n-doped GaAs (110) quantum wells and to the corresponding low temperature anisotropic spin relaxation. The Brownian mot...

" triple point wettings," and gave no indications for a prewetting transition in this range. At low temperatures (T<T, /3) h e equilibrium film thickness reaches only a few monolayers. Thicker films. prepared by quench-condensation of H2 gas at 1.5 K. undergo a dewetting process during annealing: most of the film material contracts to clusters. and in between the films thin down to its equilibr...

Thomson’s formulation of the second law no work can be extracted from a system coupled to a bath through a cyclic process is believed to be a fundamental principle of nature. For the equilibrium situation a simple proof is presented, valid for macroscopic sources of work. Thomson’s formulation gets limited when the source of work is mesoscopic, i.e. when its number of degrees of freedom is larg...

Thermal operations are an operational model of non-equilibrium quantum thermodynamics. In the absence of coherence between energy levels, exact state transition conditions under thermal operations are known in terms of a mathematical relation called thermo-majorization. But incorporating coherence has turned out to be challenging, even under the relatively tractable model wherein all Gibbs stat...

We study the off equilibrium dynamics of a mean field disordered systems which can be interpreted both as a long range interaction spin glass and as a particle in a random potential. The statics of this problem is well known and exhibits a low temperature spin glass phase with continuous replica symmetry breaking. We study the equations of off equilibrium dynamics with analytical and numerical ...

Information on species thermal physiology is extremely important to understand species responses to environmental heterogeneity and changes. Thermography is an emerging technology that allows high resolution and accurate measurement of body temperature, but until now it has not been used to study thermal physiology of amphibians in the wild. Hydromantes terrestrial salamanders are strongly depe...

Growth rate of a hydrate layer at the guest/liquid-water interface is analyzed considering the conjugate process of the mass-transfer and hydrate crystal growth. Hydrate-layer growth rate data in the literature are often compiled according to the system subcooling (∆T ≡ Teq − Tex, where Teq is the equilibrium dissociation temperature of the hydrate and Tex is the system temperature), suggesting...

The density of Ga203 liquid in equilibrium with air has been measured at 1800” to 1900°C using an Ir double-bob Archimedean method. The data yield the following description of the density of Gaz03 liquid: p = 4.8374(84)0.00065(12)(T -18S0°C). This density-temperature relationship is compared with the partial molar volume of GazO3 in glasses in the systems CaO-Ga203 -SiOz and Naz0-Ga2O3-SiO2, co...