background: inclusion of inhomogeneity corrections in intensity modulated small fields always makes conformal irradiation of lung tumor very complicated in accurate dose delivery. objective: in the present study, the performance of five algorithms via monte carlo, pencil beam, convolution, fast superposition and superposition were evaluated in lung cancer intensity modulated radiotherapy planni...

Severe phenomena of across range-Doppler unit (ARDU) and decoherence occur when radar detects high-speed high-maneuvering targets, causing degradation in detection performance traditional FFT methods. The improvement resolution causes a multi-dimensional spread phenomenon, where different scattering centers the target are distributed on range units, along with motion parameters such as velocity...

In a natural environment, speech signals are degraded by both reverberation and concurrent noise sources. While human listening is robust under these conditions using only two ears, current two-microphone algorithms perform poorly. The psychological process of figure-ground segregation suggests that the target signal is perceived as a foreground while the remaining stimuli are perceived as a ba...

In unit-selection speech synthesis systems, synthetic speech is produced by concatenating speech units selected from a large database, or inventory, which contains many instances of each speech unit with varied prosodic and spectral characteristics. Hence, by selecting an appropriate sequence of units, it is possible to synthesize highly natural-sounding speech. The selection of the best unit s...

A significant portion of bone fractures fail to heal properly, increasing healthcare costs. Advances in fracture management have slowed because translation barriers have limited generation of mechanism-based explanations for the healing process. When uncertainties are numerous, analogical modeling can be an effective strategy for developing plausible explanations of complex phenomena. We demons...

background: in helical tomotherapy (ht), the scaling factor (sf) is the time in seconds that each leaf viewing a target would need to be open to deliver the prescribed dose. the sf is patient-specific and is used to calculate the rotational period of the gantry, and the total treatment time (ttt) of the ht. the sf is generally difficult to estimate. currently, it takes about one hour to fully o...

You might try to argue that if the instructor is the target audience for your paper then you can omit facts because it is reasonable to assume that the person setting the assignment should be very familiar with all of the facts underlying their own questions. In reality, you are writing to convince the instructor that you have a clear understanding of the complexities of the question and that y...

This work presents a magnetron with sputtering unit (sandwich target). The novel-$$$ty of the is due to three parallel plates different metals included in unit. They are mounted on same axis and rigidly attached it. located reactive environment consisting plasma-forming argon gas (nitrogen, oxy-$$$gen, etc.). lower plate cold, while middle outer ones operate hot target mode. In erosion zone pla...

Target theory is one of the essential concepts for understanding radiation biology. Although many complex interpretations of target theory have been developed, its fundamental principle is that ‘inactivation of the target(s) inside an organism by radiation results in the organism’s death’. The number of ‘targets’ and the locations of these ‘targets’ inside an organism are not always clear, alth...