This paper examines a number of solution meth­ ods for decision processes with non-Markovian rewards (NMRDPs). Tlu::y all t:xploit a temporal logic specification of the reward function to au­ tomatically translate the NMROP into an equiv­ alent Markov decision process (MOP) amenable to well-known MOP solution methods. They dif­ fer however in the representation of the target MOP and the class o...

iii   this study was an attempt to determine the effect of task-based approach vs. traditional approach on the narrative and expository writing of the iranian efl learners. there were two control groups as well as two experimental ones in the current study. in the two control groups namely g1 and g2 narrative and expository writing were taught respectively using the traditiona...

AbstractThe interference of the native language in acquiring a foreign language is unavoidable. In an attempt to explore the phenomenon why this occurs, the study was conducted in English as a foreign language writing. The study also investigated how the native language interference occurred in the writing process. In fact, this qualitative study explored the reasons and the process of na...

L’emploi de la langue cible par les élèves demeure un défi pour enseignants seconde, notamment en raison d’un manque lignes directrices dans documents du curriculum, d’expérience chez l’utilisation d’une variété d’approches pédagogiques et tendance à recourir l’anglais comme défaut. Les stratégies l’approche neurolinguistique (ANL) pourraient promouvoir emploi accru des contextes variés au Cana...

Conceptual knowledge accessed by language may involve the reactivation of the associated primary sensory-motor processes. Whether these embodied representations are indeed constitutive to conceptual knowledge is hotly debated, particularly since direct evidence that sensory-motor expertise can improve conceptual processing is scarce. In this study, we sought for this crucial piece of evidence, ...

research on pre-task planning has revealed that planned conditions have produced more fluent and complex language than unplanned conditions. to date, most of these studies have investigated the effects of individual planning on language production while collaborative planning has received scant attention. to determine the effects of pre-task planning on second language written production, the p...