A major challenge for first-year students is the demands on academic writing. The purpose of study to identify students' difficulties with writing at beginning their education thereby contribute discussion about how development can be supported. overall theoretical perspective systemic functional linguistics (SFL). data consists texts from first examination a primary teacher program. analysis i...

Linguistic annotation is the process of adding additional notations to raw linguistic data for descriptive or analytical purposes. In the tagging of complex Chinese and multilingual linguistic data with a sophisticated linguistic framework, immediate visualization of the complex multi-layered functional and discourse structures is crucial for both speeding up the tagging process and reducing er...

BACKGROUND India's Smoke-Free Law (SFL) was implemented in 2004 and reinforced on 2nd October 2008. This research attempts to understand the knowledge and opinion of hospitality venue (HV) managers about second-hand smoke (SHS) and SFL as well as self-reported compliance with SFL in two Indian states. METHODS A survey was conducted among 804 randomly sampled HVs from project STEPS (Strengthen...

Spontaneous pain, a poorly understood aspect of human neuropathic pain, is indicated in animals by spontaneous foot lifting (SFL). To determine whether SFL is caused by spontaneous firing in nociceptive neurons, we studied the following groups of rats: (1) untreated; (2) spinal nerve axotomy (SNA), L5 SNA 1 week earlier; (3) mSNA (modified SNA), SNA plus loose ligation of the adjacent L4 spinal...

Assessing and reforming classroom literacy has become a preoccupation of nations worldwide, not the least in Pacific where countries are often working toward English within multilingual contexts. In Solomon Islands, 2013, poor results regional local testing precipitated review how language was taught primary schools across this nation. subsequent reform materials associated training for teacher...