Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) is a thrombotic-occlusive as well as an inflammatory peripheral vascular disease with unknown etiology. Recent evidence has supported the immunopathogenesis of the disease, however, the factors contributing to the altered immune function and vascular tissue inflammation are still unclear. This review was intended to collate the more current knowledge on the regu...

Systems biology is increasingly popular, but to many biologists it remains unclear what this new discipline actually encompasses. This brief personal perspective starts by outlining the asthetic qualities that motivate systems biologists, discusses which activities do not belong to the core of systems biology, and finally explores the crucial link with synthetic biology. It concludes by attempt...

Synthetic biology is advancing the design of genetic devices that enable the study of cellular and molecular biology in mammalian cells. These genetic devices use diverse regulatory mechanisms to both examine cellular processes and achieve precise and dynamic control of cellular phenotype. Synthetic biology tools provide novel functionality to complement the examination of natural cell systems,...

Discovering the causal mechanisms of biological systems is necessary to design new drugs and therapies. Computational Causal Discovery (CD) is a field that offers the potential to discover causal relations and causal models under certain conditions with a limited set of interventions / manipulations. This chapter reviews the basic concepts and principles of CD, the nature of the assumptions to ...

Michael Barresi is Professor of Biological Sciences at Smith College, Northampton, MA, USA, where he uses the zebrafish to understand central nervous system development. also Program Director ‘Student Scientists’ outreach project and has made significant contributions teaching developmental biology, including being co-author illustrator textbook Developmental Biology, producing documentaries st...

introduction:with increasing threats of weapons of mass destruction (wmd) in future war especially biological threats against our country necessity of using novel technologies in crisis management against new warfare’s is very important. passive defense as a peaceful and preventive strategy without any warfare is able to not only monitor the prospect of new warfare specially biological warfare ...