There have been two competing paradigms in artificial intelligence (AI) development ever since its birth 1956, i.e., symbolism and connectionism (or sub-symbolism). While dominated AI research by the end of 1980s, gained momentum 1990s is gradually displacing symbolism. This paper considers as first generation second generation. However, each these simulates human mind from only one perspective...

ion, in computer science, is a mechanism and practice to reduce and factor out details so that one can focus on few concepts at a time; Symbolism is the systematic or creative use of symbols as abstracted representation of concepts.

Traditional AI has bifurcated into two directions: [1] engineering AI that aims to model highly specialized intelligence functions that operate on small domains, and [2] Reactivism that tries to achieve a more general type of intelligence by building agents that have limited cognitive capacities on a broad domain. Within advanced AI, it is argued that DPS corresponds to engineering AI but that ...

I will show how two preadolescent girls use the quality of /o/ and of the nucleus of /ay/ to index affect. Most particularly, how they use backed and raised occurrences to express what one might generally (and inadequately) call negative affect, and fronted occurrences to express what one might call sweetness and light, or a kind of childhood innocence. It remains to be seen how this kind of va...

Studies of sound symbolism have shown that people can associate sound and meaning in consistent ways when presented with maximally contrastive stimulus pairs of nonwords such as bouba/kiki (rounded/sharp) or mil/mal (small/big). Recent work has shown the effect extends to antonymic words from natural languages and has proposed a role for shared cross-modal correspondences in biasing formto-mean...

THE STRUCTURE, FUNCTION(S) and symbolism of early medieval (9th-10th centuries ad) fortified settlements from central Europe, in particular today's Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia, are examined in this paper. It offers an overview of the current state of research together with new insights based on analysis of the site of Gars-Thunau in Lower Austria. Special emphasis is given to ...

For scientists, the world consists of facts, as the seminal philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein put it almost a century ago. Facts are observed and measured by equipment and devices of ever greater precision, and eventually described using highly accurate and well-defined words—usually of Latin descent to give them greater weight. In any case, the expressions we use should match what they describe....

In the poetry creation, poets use many different writing techniques. This paper expounds the image expressions in British love poems and lyrics from four aspects: description, symbolism, figure of speech and personification. Man has been singing for love since written language was invented. Love has been the eternal subject theme of poems and become perpetual singing. Many poets also worship na...

Mandala symbolism historically has strong links to Jung’s individuation process and transpersonal psychology. Although a variety of constructive techniques may be used for creating mandalas to reflect and/or enhance an individual’s level of psychological wholeness and integration, the Lowenfeld Mosaic Technique (LMT) has received little attention for its potential utility in this area. The purp...