When decisionally incapable patients need a surrogate to make medical decisions for them, sometimes the patient has not appointed healthcare agent and there is intractable disagreement among potential surrogates of equal priority, legal rank, or relation (e.g., child vs. child, sibling sibling). There no ethical, legal, professional consensus about how identify appropriate in such circumstances...

In surrogate pregnancies genetic parents have little opportunity for early bonding with their infants either prenatally (in utero) or during the immediate postnatal period. Procedures commonly used to induce lactation include both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic methods often in combination. Studies reporting induced lactation are sparse due to the rarity of augmented lactation. Here we repo...

Objective One of the most controversial issues related to human embryo is to determine the moment when the embryo is considered as a human being and acquires a moral status. Although personhood and moral status are frequently touched upon in medical ethics, they are considered interdisciplinary as concepts shaping the debate in Medical Law (Fiqh) since their consequences are influential in the ...

A special class of the knapsack problem is called the separable nonlinear knapsack problem. This problem has received considerable attention recently because of its numerous applications. Dynamic programming is one of the basic approaches for solving this problem. Unfortunately, the size of state-pace will dramatically increase and cause the dimensionality problem. In this paper, an efficient a...

In this paper, we have outlined the surrogate management framework for optimization of expensive functions. An initial simple iterative method which we call the “Strawman” method illustrates how surrogates can be incorporated into optimization to stand in for the most expensive function. These ideas are made rigorous by incorporating them into the framework of pattern search methods. The SMF al...

The present commentary analyses and discusses the Fjölnisdóttir et al. v. Iceland decision of European Court Human Rights (ECtHR) 18 May 2021. case concerned an Icelandic couple who had been recognised as legal parents a child born by surrogate mother in California. In contrast to most other surrogacy cases decided ECtHR, however, no biological link either intended parents. ECtHR thus found tha...