Development agencies use "cost-effectiveness" analyses for setting priorities among Primary Health Care programs, with "effectiveness" often measured by the short-term :,TLpac+ , ",, -.. luLing-ih;ld ..-. mortaiiry. ijsing data on the long-term effects of water supply and sanitation improvements on mortality in urban France in the 19th century, it is shown that use of this criterion introduces ...

[1] Ice/ocean mixed layer model simulations are run for a SHEBA field project case study from 5 July–8 August 1998. Observations indicate that during this time, calm winds occurred and coincided with a rapid warming and freshening of the surface of a lead near the SHEBA camp. A subsequent storm mixed down this warm, fresh water. Single-column model simulations of this event are performed to iso...

Microbial biofilm layer could grow on bed surfaces and affect the normal sediment properties following polluting of water resources. However, limited research is done to measure the effects of biofilm in the long run. The objective of this study was to investigate the erosion-deposition phenomena considering factors such as sediment concentration, flow velocity and bed surface along the flum...

FREEWAT is an ongoing GIS environment to serve as preand post-processor for running simulations of surface-/groundwater interaction, with the possibility to activate several features accounting for the different water stresses. This paper reports the capability related to address water resource management problems, by activating management tools available in the MODFLOW-OWHM code. The latter is...

This study was undertaken to determine the concentrations of carbofuran residues in water, soil and plant samples from selected sites in the farmlands in Kenya and to demonstrate the impact of Furadan use on the local environment. Soil, water and plant samples obtained from agricultural farmlands where the technical formulation Furadan has been used extensively showed high environmental contami...

Vertisols occur extensively in centralIndiaand have high production potentials. Because of the high clay content (40-60% or more), high bulk density (1.5-1.8 Mg m-3) and related properties, these soils have high moisture storage capacity. Conversely, these soils become very hard when dry and very sticky when wet. Since last two decades, scientists, farmers and also the policy makers have be...

In tidally affected coastal catchments detention pond should be provided to store flood surface water. A comparison between the full simulation approach based on the joint probability method and time series rainfall modeling via the annual maximum of pond level was undertaken to investigate the assumptions of independence between variables that are necessary in the joint probability method. The...