X-ray phase-contrast tomography can significantly increase the contrast-resolution of conventional attenuation-contrast imaging, especially for soft-tissue structures that have very similar attenuation. Just as in attenuation-based tomography, phase contrast tomography requires a linear dependence of aggregate beam direction on the incremental direction alteration caused by individual voxels al...

The ice content of the subsurface is a major factor controlling the natural hazard potential of permafrost degradation in alpine terrain. Monitoring of changes in ice content is therefore similarly important as temperature monitoring in mountain permafrost. Although electrical resistivity tomography monitoring (ERTM) proved to be a valuable tool for the observation of ice degradation, results a...

Abstract This study aims for the protection of a crude-oil pipeline, buried at shallow depth, against probable environmental hazard and pilferage. Both surface borehole geophysical techniques such as electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), ground penetrating radar (GPR), seismic refraction (SRT), cross-hole (CST) profiling (CSP) were used to map vulnerable zones. Data acquired using ERT, GPR S...

Although Love waves are widely analyzed in earthquake seismology, there is much less attention on utilizing Love waves than Rayleigh waves by the near-surface community. Unlike incident P and Sv waves, a plane SH wave for a series of horizontal layers refracts and reflects only SH waves, which makes the shallow SH-wave refraction method more popular to define shear (S)-wave velocity in nearsurf...

Transient hyperopic refractive shifts occur on a timescale of weeks in some patients after initiation of therapy for hyperglycemia, and are usually followed by recovery to the original refraction. Possible lenticular origin of these changes is considered in terms of a paraxial gradient index model. Assuming that the lens thickness and curvatures remain unchanged, as observed in practice, it app...

BACKGROUND It has been reported that exposure to artificial lighting at night during the first 2 years of life was very strongly associated with subsequent myopia development. METHODS The strength of this association was tested in a UK sample for the first time. The study population comprised 122 university students. RESULTS Myopia occurred with approximately equal frequency in those who sl...