The disordered output from the basal ganglia to the pontine tegmentum nuclei is considered responsible for a number of abnormalities in brainstem reflexes in patients with Parkinson's disease. One of the most conspicuous of these abnormalities is the reduced inhibition of the blink reflex by a prepulse stimulus. The circuit of prepulse inhibition involves structures and fibre groups that can be...

Background: Traumatic optic nerve lesions (TONL) are probable but unpredictable consequence after severe midface or skull base trauma. Based on a previously described rat model, the authors developed a new model in order to simulate optic nerve crush during trauma on the optic canal. Methods: To achieve a calibrated TONL, a microinjuring device was designed that made it possible to assess the c...

PURPOSE To report a rare case of painful trigeminal neuropathy after lateral medullary infarct and probe its underlying pathogenesis on the basis of neuroimaging and electrophysiological study. CASE REPORT A 45-year-old man presented acute onset of unsteady gait followed by paroxysmal and electric shock-like headache in the distribution of ophthalmic branch of left trigeminal nerve in 2 days....

AIM To investigate the impact of endoscope-assisted microsurgical fenestration on temporal arachnoid cysts, and to determine the advantages and limitations of the technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty-five children with symptomatic temporal arachnoid cysts were operated via eyebrow supraorbital keyhole microsurgical fenestration targeting the medial cyst wall. Preoperative magnetic resonance...

We investigated trigeminal and cervical sympathetic function in a woman with rightsided trigeminal neuralgia, migraine, and atrophy of subcutaneous tissues in the supraorbital region of the right-forehead (Parry-Romberg syndrome). We found loss of sensitivity to innocuous sensations (light touch, warmth, and cold), associated with heightened sensitivity to noxious pressure and heat in the atrop...

The aim of the study is toreview the anatomical variations of supraorbital, Infraorbital and mental foramen related to gender and side in the dry skull. From our review, we found that supraorbital foramen lies 23.9mm right and 25.6mm left from the nasion approximately. Similarly we found that Infraorbital foramen lies in the maxillary bone lower to the edge of the orbital canal and it is bilate...

Introduction: Supraorbital foramen is an important site for various surgical and anesthetic procedures. Accurate localization of the foramen holds the key to success, although racial variations exist in various population groups. The study included the morphometry of supraorbital foramen and its location with respect to nearby anatomical landmarks. Methods: A total of 100 dry skulls (60 male an...

Introduction: Recent advancement of intravascular technique has minimized the operative invasiveness. In rivalry with this technique, aneurysmal clipping has become less and less invasive. Hitherto, three less invasive surgical approaches as supraorbital keyhole approach, lateral supraorbital keyhole approach, and pterion keyhole approach, have been proposed for the clipping of the anterior cir...