It has been suggested since long that peripheral nerves possess opioid receptors and this has tempted clinicians in adding narcotics to local anesthetics to prolong the analgesic effects of these solutions. In this regard, we studied 45 patients undergoing surgical procedures on upper extremities. The patients scheduled for surgery were divided in to three groups, each comprising of 15 patients...

BACKGROUND Emergency physicians often treat patients who require procedural sedation for the management of upper extremity fractures, dislocations, and abscesses (upper extremity emergencies). Unfortunately, procedural sedation is associated with several rare but potentially serious adverse effects and requires continuous hemodynamic monitoring and several dedicated staff members. The purpose o...

Carbonated local anaesthetics may have shorter latency and greater spread than equivalent hydrochloride salts when used for regional anaesthesia. In brachial plexus anaesthesia produced by the supraclavicular technique, Bromage and Gertel (1970) using 1% lignocaine and Schulte-Steinberg, Hartmuth and Schiitt (1970) using 2% lignocaine, reported a marked decrease in the time of onset of anaesthe...