The supply chain has been traditionally defined as a one-way, integrated manufacturing process wherein raw materials are converted into final products, then delivered to customers. Under this definition, the supply chain includes only those activities associated with manufacturing, from raw material acquisition to final product delivery. However, due to recent changing environmental requirement...

Within a single tumor clone, cells have significantly different abilities to proliferate and form new tumors. This has led to the hypothesis that most cells in a cancer have a limited ability to divide and only a small subset of distinct cells, the cancer stem cells (CSCs), has the capacity to self-renew and form new tumors . It has been proposed that the development of tumors is based exclusiv...

The planktonic larval stage is a critical component of life history in marine benthic species because it confers the ability to disperse, potentially connecting remote populations and leading to colonization of new sites. Larval-mediated connectivity is particularly intriguing in deep-sea hydrothermal vent communities, where the habitat is patchy, transient, and often separated by tens or hundr...

INTRODUCTION: Globally, stroke is the second commonest cause of mortality [1] and the fourth leading cause of disease burden.[2] Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in elderly, however stroke in young adults is also observed. WHO defines stroke as an event caused by the interruption of the blood supply to the brain, usually because a blood vessel bursts or is blocked by a clot. Th...

This paper investigates a retailer-leading two-tier supply chain with buyback contract under market demand uncertainty, where the retailer first announces potential maximal order quantity and supplier then provides unit wholesale price to influence retailer’s quantity. In recent years, an increasing number of experimental studies have reported that even in repeated multi-turn games, decisions s...

We analyze imperfect competition in dynamic environments where firms use rivalrous but nonexcludable industry-specific capital that is provided exogenously. Capital depreciation depends on utilization, so firms influence the evolution of the capital equipment through more or less intensive supply in the final-goods market. Strategic incentives stem from, (i) a dynamic externality, arising due t...

A supply chain, from an operations perspective, has three components: sourcing or procurement, manufacturing and distribution, and inventory disposal. In each component, the Internet is significantly affecting how supply chains are being managed, leading to new challenges while ultimately promising to provide value. The likely future is collaborative supply chain management that promises to mak...

Humanitarian supply chain management has attracted research attention in the recent years. In this paper, an attempt is made to review the status of leading published literature in humanitarian logistics and supply chain management. A literature classification scheme is suggested. The reviewed journals are classified according to research publication, publication year, topics and research metho...