Despite the great achievements of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) in graph learning, conventional GNNs struggle to break through upper limit expressiveness first-order Weisfeiler-Leman isomorphism test algorithm (1-WL) due consistency propagation paradigm with 1-WL.Based on fact that it is easier distinguish original subgraphs, we propose a novel framework neural network called Substructure Aware ...

Spatially resolved spectroscopic data from the CIRPASS integral field unit (IFU) on Gemini are used to measure the gravitational lensing of the 4–image quasar Q2237+0305 on different size scales. A method for measuring the substructure present in the lens using observations at multiple wavelengths is demonstrated to be very effective and independent of many of the degeneracies inherent in previ...

Concept Learning is a Machine Learning technique in which the learning process is driven by providing positive and negative examples to the learner. From those examples, the learner builds a hypothesis (concept) that describes the positive examples and excludes the negative examples. Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) systems have successfully been used as concept learners. Examples of those are...