Since the interactivity, integrality and instantaneity of information communication in smart substation have been improved to higher levels, it can contribute to promote the realization of a centralized type substation area backup protection (SABP), acting as an integrated protection system for whole substation. On the side, in the case that fault current limiters (FCLs) are suggested to be emp...

This paper proposes the solutions to prevent over-voltage for the 220 kV distribution substations with several different voltage levels. The motivation comes from the failures of surge arrester number 2 of phase B at the transformer number 2 (CS2BAT2) of the Vietnamese 220 kV Thainguyen substation due to the over-voltage. The main objective is to enhance the operating stability of a scattered c...

results the mean distances between the crestal bone and the implant shoulder in group 1 were 1.01, 1.44, and 1.93 mm at the implant placement time, and at the 6 and 12-month postoperative intervals, respectively. in group 2, these distances were 1.35, 1.20, and 1.41 mm, respectively. there were no significant differences in the marginal bone resorption between the two groups (p > 0.05). conclus...

Phasor measurement Being able to determine phasors across the power system at a fixed point in time has the potential to solve these problems. One of the key components of future utility systems will therefore be Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). PMUs rely on a GPS time signal for extremely accurate time-stamping of the power system information. A GPS satellite receiver (see box on page 60) prov...

-In a substation, a lot of distributed, safety related functions have to be performed. IEC 61850 is intended to replace all wires by serial communication. To achieve this goal IEC 61850 has to fulfill hard real-time criteria. Starting from the definition of these criteria the communication methods of IEC 61850 are investigated. The result shows the feasibility of these methods for interlocking ...

As a result of economic pressures caused by deregulation, utilities are looking at new ways to approach the business of operating and maintaining their assets. In particular, one utility has taken a look at managing their substation assets as if they were stocks in a portfolio. Like financial managers who try to maximize return-on-investment for each asset in a client's portfolio, substation ma...

We present results from experiments where the effects of flow control at a single substation are compared to distributed flow control at multiple substations. The latter approach is made possible by equipping individual substations with some computing power and integrating them into a communications network. Software agents, who cooperate with other software agents (substations) and invoke time...

The economical criterion is accounted as the objective function to develop a computer program for designing lightning protection systems for substations by using masts and Matlab in this work. Masts are needed to be placed at desired locations; the program will then show mast heights whose sum is the smallest, i.e. satisfies the economical criterion. The program is helpful for engineers to quic...

A measurement campaign has been carried out in 400kV air insulated electricity substation to characterise and model radio frequency impulsive noise with a view to assessing its impact on wireless network technologies. The relatively recent availability of new technologies such as WiFi, Bluetooth and Zigbee means that particular emphasis has been put on higher frequency bands (e.g. 2.4, 5 GHz) t...

International Electro-technical Commission (IEC) has developed a new global standard, IEC 61850 for communication systems in power substations. This standard provides interoperability among the all communication devices within the substation. This paper presents basic features of communication systems proposed by IEC 61850, such as functional hierarchy, OSI-7 layer based communication, and proc...