According to the late Rosemary Ellis, the most pressing priority of nursing scholars is to explicate the substantive structure of our discipline. Drawing largely from her unpublished work, this paper summarizes the views of Ellis on the nature of nursing's substantive structure and raises implications for the development of nursing theory.

Recently, aid effectiveness has become a popular topic in the literature. Generally, it is measured by instrumental measures of well-being, specifically, GDP per capita. This paper uses a substantive approach, pioneered by Amartya Sen, to evaluate aid effectiveness. Substantive measures attempt to measure welfare directly. Specifically, I use infrastructure as measured by telephone lines per 10...