A base and strong generating set provides an effective computer representation for a permutation group. This representation helps us to calculate the group order, list the group elements, generate random elements, test for group membership and store group elements efficiently. Knowledge of a base and strong generating set essentially reduces these tasks to the calculation of certain orbits. Giv...

The widespread use of biodiesel in internal combustion engines promotes frequent lubricant drain intervals which in turn affects lubricant sustainability and engine performance. In this research two endurance tests were carried out to evaluate the novel approach of strong base oil filter with palm biodiesel (PME) fueled single-cylinder diesel engine. The effects of strong base filter on lubrica...

INTRODUCTION Metabolic acidosis is the most frequent acid-base disorder in the intensive care unit. The optimal analysis of the underlying mechanisms is unknown. AIM To compare the conventional approach with the physicochemical approach in quantifying complicated metabolic acidosis in patients in the intensive care unit. PATIENTS AND METHODS We included 50 consecutive patients with a metabo...

We report a quantum chemical characterization of the non-natural (synthetic) H-bonded base pair formed by 6-amino-5-nitro-2(1H)-pyridone (Z) and 2-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]-1,3,5-triazin-4(8H)-one (P). The Z:P base pair, orthogonal to the classical G:C base pair, has been introduced into DNA molecules to expand the genetic code. Our results indicate that the Z:P base pair closely mimics the G:C base ...

I read the interesting article by Zampieri and colleagues [1] reporting the new association between inflammatory cytokines and acid-base components in 87 ICU patients. I would like to note that whatever approach is used to investigate the acid-base status (the celebrated bicarbonate-centered approach, the base excess methodology or the physicochemical approach) most of the acidbase parameters h...

OBJECTIVE Corrected anion gap and strong ion gap are commonly used to estimate unmeasured anions. We evaluated the performance of the anion gap corrected for albumin, phosphate and lactate in predicting strong ion gap in a mixed population of critically ill patients. We hypothesized that anion gap corrected for albumin, phosphate and lactate would be a good predictor of strong ion gap, independ...

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and Stewart's strong ion model are currently used to describe mammalian acid-base equilibria. Anomalies exist when the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is applied to plasma, whereas the strong ion model does not provide a practical method for determining the total plasma concentration of nonvolatile weak acids ([Atot]) and the effective dissociation constant for...

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation and the base excess have been used traditionally to describe the acid-base balance of the blood. In 1981, Stewart proposed a new model of acid-base balance based upon three variables, the "strong ion difference" (SID), the total weak acids (ATot), and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2). Over 20 years later, Stewart's physiochemical model still remai...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Arterial base excess and lactate levels are key parameters in the assessment of critically ill patients. The use of venous blood gas analysis may be of clinical interest when no arterial blood is available initially. METHODS Twenty-four pigs underwent progressive normovolaemic haemodilution and subsequent progressive haemorrhage until the death of the animal. Base exc...