areas came to Calcutta in large numbers in search of food and work. Those that were unsuccessful in their quest made the open streets their home, and many of these in course of time reached the stage of advanced inanition. Arrangements had to be made to pick them up from the streets and send them to emergency hospitals for treatment and care. It was found that about 25 per cent of the cases rem...

A rationale for the empirically observed Strouhal-Reynolds number relation for vortex shedding in the wake of a cylinder is provided. This rationale derives from a mechanism of vortex formation observed in numerical simulations of two-dimensional vortex shedding coupled with an order of magnitude estimate of the terms in the vorticity transport equation based on this mechanism.

Periodic vortex streets, often considered as a model for the organized structures observed in the wake of two-dimensional (2D) bluff bodies, are revisited. After the generation of the shear layers the formation of the vortices is mainly an inviscid process. An intrinsic scaling for the formation of vortex streets is found based on the invariants of motion for 2D inviscid flows; namely the kinet...

Traffic flow on straight roads is the most common traffic phenomenon in urban road traffic networks. In this paper, a realistic cellular automaton (CA) model is proposed to investigate driver behavior on urban straight roads based on our field observations. Two types of driver behavior, free and car-following, are simulated. Free driving behavior is modeled by a novel five-stage speeding model ...

There are two fundamenta l issues that must be considered when purchas ing any standalone EPLI product. Preferably, these issues will be evaluated before the insurance broker goes to market and begins negotiating more specif ic cove rage terms. First, the policyholder should decide whether it wants a "working layer" program (i.e., a policy wi th re la t ive ly low l i m i t s c o m b i n e d w ...

In aiming to decrease the number of casualties and people with difficulty in wide-area evacuations due to a large earthquake, it is highly important to visualize and quantify the potential danger in residential areas. In this paper, we construct a multi-agent simulation model, which describes property damage (such as building-collapse, the spread of fire and blocking of streets) and people’s ev...

INTRODUCTION To address the paucity of research around smokefree streets, we: (i) refined existing data collection methods; (ii) expanded on the meagre previous research in this area; and (iii) compared results by differing size of urban centre. METHODS We refined established methods; a solo observer simultaneously observed smoking and measured fine particulate levels (PM(2.5)) on a route of ...

This paper presents an explicit formula for propagation path loss prediction of microcellular communication in an urban street scene. The formula is derived based on geometrical optics and diffraction theory and it takes into account multiple reflections along main streets, side streets and diffractions around corners. Comparisons between our theoretical results with measurements and ray tracin...