The metaphor of children and lay adults as intuitive scientists has gained wide acceptance. Although useful in one sense, pertaining to scientific understanding, in another, pertaining to the process of scientific thinking, the metaphor may be fundamentally misleading. Research is reviewed indicating that processes of scientific thinking differ significantly in children, lay adults, and scienti...

We introduce a model of strategic thinking in games of initial response. Unlike standard models of strategic thinking, in this framework the player’s ‘depth of reasoning’ is endogenously determined, and it can be disentangled from his beliefs over his opponent’s cognitive bound. In our approach, individuals act as if they follow a cost-benefit analysis. The depth of reasoning is a function of t...

In this study, we seek to widen our understanding of the developmental processes underlying bargaining behaviour in children addressing the concept of prospective thinking. We argue that the emergence of the capacity to think prospectively about future outcomes or behaviours in response to current actions is a required precedent to strategic decision making. To test this idea, we compared 6, 8 ...

Strategic planning and decision-making require that a strategic plan and an action plan be established, while the establishment of an innovation strategy plays a major role in an enterprise’s continued operation over the longer term. In this study we will use the value-focused thinking model and will combine the random-word method, SWOT analysis, the TOWS matrix and AHP analysis to examine the ...

Forming a contract among self-interested agents often requires complex, strategic thinking. For instance, a self-interested agent (contractee) will perform a task for another agent (contractor) only when doing it is in its own interest. Therefore, to form a successful contract, the contractor needs to provide incentives to the contractee, such as proposing a payment higher than the contractee’s...

Sustainability transitions require that sustainable innovations develop and scale-up. Two promising approaches contribute to this purpose. Design thinking (DT) focuses on the creative development of achieve desirable, feasible viable products. Strategic niche management (SNM) addresses how should be deployed market. At first sight, these concepts seem pursue a complementary mission, yet, academ...

This paper reports a construction of typologies of players based on their strategic reasoning in turn-taking games. Classifications have been done based on latent class analysis and according to different orders of theory of mind, and exploratory validations have been provided for the resulting classifications. Finally, interaction of the typologies described by these classifications is discuss...

As innovation becomes the cornerstone for new problem solving and creation of private and public value, this paper introduces the design thinking approach as a new means of systematic innovation. We introduce the approach with two short examples from programs to graduate students. We illustrate the setup of a design thinking program by using the HPI School of Design Thinking as a case study in ...