Kinetic study of free fatty acids (FFAs) esterification for biodiesel production from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) using sulfated zirconia (S-ZrO2) prepared by solvent-free method calcined at low temperature as the heterogeneous catalyst was studied. The reaction was performed in a batch-stirred reactor at the different temperature to obtain the kinetic data. The effect of reaction conditi...

According to the manufacturer (Kodak pathe) of the LR-115 Type 2 films, which are widely used in environmental radioactivity studies, the exposed films should be etched in 10% solution of NaOH, while the temperature of the etching solution is to be kept at 60C. The optimum time of etching depends on different conditions; like geometry of the bath, temperature etc. To determine the optimal etchi...

The pilot-scale study on a sludge recycling enhanced coagulation–ultrafiltration (UF) process for surface water treatment is investigated in this paper. The impact of the sludge recycling ratio and coagulation stirring strategy on removal, sedimentation efficiency, and membrane fouling control was studied in this work. Sludge recycling ratios of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% were applied, and the o...

–The use of powder of calcined brick (PCB) as the low-cost adsorbents was investigated as a replacement for current costly methods of removing nickel ions from aqueous solutions. Batch adsorption studies were conducted to examine the effects of physico-chemical key parameters such as the stirring rate, initial metal ion concentration, pH, agitation time, particle size and adsorbent dosage on th...

In the present work, the extraction of zinc from a sphalerite concentrate using sodium nitrate as an oxidant in a sulfuric acid solution was investigated. The effective parameters such as the temperature, sulfuric acid and sodium nitrite concentrations, stirring speed, particle size, and solid/liquid (S/L) ratio were analyzed. The dissolution rate increased with increase in the sulfuric acid an...

This paper presents an attempt to optimize fluidized bed drying of wet and adhesive particles (with an initial diameter of about 580 mm) with the use of stirring, and discusses the influence of stirring on the total drying time. The goal was to demonstrate the positive effect of stirring a fluidized bed to the drying time, to find the optimal parameters (stirrer design, speed, and size). Experi...

Developing carriers of active ingredients with pre-determined release kinetics is a main challenge in the field of controlled release. In this work, we fabricate designer microparticles as carriers of active ingredients using droplet microfluidics. We show that monodisperse droplet templates do not necessarily produce monodisperse particles. Magnetic stirring, which is often used to enhance the...

Characteristics of flow field and stirring ability of coherent jet with various shrouding CH4 flow rates on the molten bath were studied by combustion experiment and numerical simulation. The axial velocity and total temperature distributions of coherent jet under hot (1700 K) and cold (298 K) ambient condition were analyzed. The Eddy Dissipation Concept model was used in simulation with detail...

This work describes the definition, application and assessment of a factorial plan with the aim of gaining insight on what kind of stirring strategy could work the best in a vibrating intrinsic reverberation chamber. Three different stirring strategies were defined as factors of a factorial plan. We assess the overall reverberation performance according to three different indicators. With the h...