The subthalamic nucleus (STN) currently is considered to play a key role in the pathophysiological origin of the parkinsonian state and is therefore the main target for surgical treatment of Parkinson's disease. The authors review the incidence of hemichorea/ballism (HCB) as a complication of thalamotomy, pallidotomy or campotomy procedures before the introduction of levodopa therapy, including...

SEEG is a method and technique which is used for accurate, invasive recording of seizure activity via three dimensional recordings. In epilepsy patients who are deemed appropriate candidates for invasive recordings, the decision to monitor is made between the subdural grids versus SEEG. Invasive neuromonitoring for epilepsy is pursued in patients with complex, medically refractory epilepsy. The...

BACKGROUND Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) corticospinal excitability maps are a valuable tool to study plasticity in the corticospinal tract. Traditionally, data acquisition for a single map is time consuming, limiting the method's applicability when excitability changes quickly, such as during motor learning, and in clinical investigations where assessment time is a limiting factor. ...

Hydrocephalus is treated with different types of shunts. With the advent of neuroendoscopy, hydrocephalus is being frequently managed by making third ventriculostomy. By this, obstructed ventricles are bypassed and CSF is diverted into pre-pontine cistern. Intraventricular tumors are being operated with craniotomy and transcortical transventricular or transcallosal approach to the tumors.1 Thes...

Over the last decade, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has revolutionized the treatment of movementdisorders and is now being used experimentally to treat refractory psychiatric disorders as well. DBS is a neurosurgical treatment involving the implantation of electrodes, which send electricity to specific targets deep in the brain. DBS in psychiatric disorders such as Tourette syndrome (TS), obsess...

Priming stimulations have shown powerful effects on motor cortex behavior. However, the effects over language areas have not been explored. We assessed the effects of different priming frequencies of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), 1 Hz rTMS or 50 Hz bursts of rTMS (theta burst stimulation [TBS]), on temporoparietal language areas (i.e., Wernicke's area) localized with func...

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that is currently managed using a broad array of symptom-based strategies. However, targeting its molecular origins represents the potential to discover disease-modifying therapies. Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a highly successful treatment modality for PD symptoms, addresses errant electrophysiological signaling pathways in the ...

Mesolimbic areas such as nucleus accumbens, amygdala and septal nuclei are known to influence food intake and body weight. However, the reports on gender difference in the neural regulation of obesity and energy homeostasis are incomplete. Therefore, the present study was conducted to assess the effect of lesions of nucleus septal medialis (NSM) and the gender difference of lesion on food intak...

INTRODUCTION Multiple modalities have been adapted to treat medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Until recently, the preferred treatment modality was microvascular decompression (MVD),9 especially if a vessel was thought to be abutting the trigeminal nerve entry zone. Less-invasive techniques have since been developed. Percutaneous ablation is one technique that uses radiofrequency (...

BACKGROUND Meningiomas involving both intradural and extradural structures are rare tumors. We report the complete resection of a massive complex transosseous meningioma that had invaded the torcula, superior sagittal sinus, occipital bone, and scalp. CASE DESCRIPTION A 48-year-old male presented after 3 days of worsening headaches and blurry vision. Preoperative imaging demonstrated an 11 × ...