The concept of refinement is central to the development of software. It appears in various forms in the different methodologies taught to students. A key point in the B method is the validation of the refinement step. The B methodology exhibits mathematical properties of correct refinements, and also automatically checkable conditions that ensure those properties. Some of the main pedagogical d...

Balancing responsiveness to market requirements with overall efficiency is an important issue in supply chain design and management. The objective of the system dynamics model introduced in this paper is to capture generic structures and the intrinsic dynamic behaviour modes of supply chains considering aspects of responsiveness and efficiency. The research strives for a better understanding of...

this paper explores the capabilities of multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithmin a simulation-optimization model for solving waste load allocation problems. the main goals are totaltreatment costs, violation of the water quality standards and equity. in this research, the water qualitysimulation model is coupled with a multi-objective optimization model, mopso. in order to derive...

Nowadays air travel is one of the most popular traveling as its advantages. A disabled should commute easily, so Facilitation of air traveling is vital. A disabled needs various services which depends on travel steps. These needs should have supported by travel agencies and airport staffs. Therefore, planners must be considering not only physical environment but also well services. This paper i...

This contribution addresses the remote sensing chapter of the USE HAAS Study, a Specific Support Action of the European Union Sixth Framework Program, aiming at producing a Strategic Research Agenda for High Altitude Aircraft and Airships. After a brief presentation of the objectives and methodology of the USE HAAS Study, the Strategic Research Agenda for remote sensing shall be addressed by co...

from the perspective of theorists of international relations including functionalists and regionalists, establishment of cooperation and economic, commercial and transportation relations is among the suitable methods for fostering integration in international relations and deepening friendship, peace and stability particularly among regional countries. considering this fact, the authors believe...