the most conventional method for lateral bracing of steel frames is using diagonal and x steel braces. in conventional method, braces of frame emplace in one bay or more, relative to structural requirement, from first to last story without displace the braces emplacement on height as columnar form. this pattern is a preliminary and simplest bracing template that the generally codes present base...

Seismic design may require non-conventional concept, due to the fact that the stiffness and layout of the structure have a great effect on the overall structural behaviour, on the seismic load intensity as well as on the internal force distribution. To find an economical and optimal structural configuration the key issue is the optimal design of the lateral load resisting system. This paper foc...

The main aim of this study, is to evaluate the seismic reliability of steel concentrically braced frame (SCBF) structures optimally designed in the context of performance-based design. The Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method and neural network (NN) techniques were utilized to conduct the reliability analysis of the optimally designed SCBFs. Multi-layer perceptron (MLP) trained by back propagati...

Dissipative zones buildings, in which plastic hinges or strains occur during, for instance, seismic episodes, have been studied many different types of steel fuse elements. Stainless (SS), has attracted attention this regard due to its high ductility and further studies are needed determine performance usefulness as fuses. The use SS the construction industry represented an advance already know...

Unpredicted loading caused by blast or impact may lead to severe damage in structures. Such damage may affect the whole structural performance. Connections are the key contributor to the integrity and energy dissipation capacity of the structural steel systems and play the most important role in mitigating such consequences. In the view of the importance of connections, finite element analysis ...

In this study, topology optimization is applied to concentrically braced frames in order to find economical solutions for conventional structural steel frames. Differential Evolution Algorithm and Dolphin Echolocation Optimization are applied for structural optimization. Numerical examples are studied and results of comparison with other meta-heuristic algorithms, including Genetic Algorithm, A...

The objective of this paper is to describe and analyze a series of nonlinear finite element analyses used to compare three design methods for locally slender, braced, steel beams and columns. The three design methods are: (i) the hot-rolled steel AISC Specification, (ii) the coldformed steel AISI Specification which uses the effective width method throughout, and (iii) the cold-formed steel Dir...

Residual drifts after severe earthquakes interrupt serviceability of buildings. Retrofitting of such buildings is in many cases very difficult and consumes lots of time and money. Recently, there are some attempts to develop the seismic design procedures to not only satisfy life safety criteria but also lead to more economical buildings. One of these modern methods of improving seismic performa...