We use a combination of several different types of lithography to generate Bragg-grating devices. In interference lithography, two coherent laser beams are crossed, generating a standing-wave interference pattern. This standing-wave pattern is used to expose photoresist, yielding a coherent deep-submicron-period grating. This grating can be used directly as the device grating or it can serve as...

When a thin dielectric film placed between two semi-infinite media is irradiated with monochromatic plane waves, a standing wave is produced in the film. An analytical expression for the standing wave intensity within the film is derived. This expression is then expanded to include the effects of other dielectric films on either side of the film or an inhomogeneous film. Applications of these e...

This article describes the 11-year wave simulation (1992-2002) in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman using the input data derived from European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The ECMWF 10 meter wind field and spectral wave boundary condition at 18 ْN degree are input into one of the latest versions of numerical wave models (3rd generation) after a few local modifications. ...

Deflection of two-level atoms by a pulsed standing wave with a pulse duration of a few nanoseconds is studied by using the density matrix formalism. The effect of the limited coherence time of the pulsed laser field on the momentum distribution of the deflected atoms is investigated. In particular, we determine the coherence time at which the deflection by a pulsed standing wave differs signifi...

This work is carried out to determine the empirical boundary conditions of concentration/separation of yeast cells, red blood cells of rats and guinea pigs in standing ultrasonic wave, based on the performed theoretical calculations. The results indicated that increase flow rate of the medium above the theoretically calculated values of cell retention in a standing ultrasonic wave causes them t...

Atomic coherence effects with a strong standing-wave coupling field on a four-level system of hot Rb atoms are investigated. Amplitude modulation and phase modulation of the strong standing-wave field are coherently coupled in linear and nonlinear atomic polarizations in various multi-wave mixing processes. Such coupled atomic coherence effect leads to one-photon triple-bandpass filters in an e...

The operation principle of resonant channel add–drop filters based on degenerate symmetric and antisymmetric standing-wave modes has been described elsewhere using group theoretical arguments. In this paper, the analysis is carried out using coupling of modes in time. A possible implementation of such a filter is a four-port system utilizing a pair of identical single-mode standing wave resonat...