The strong isometric dimension of a reflexive graph is related to its injective hull: both deal with embedding reflexive graphs in the strong product of paths. We give several upper and lower bounds for the strong isometric dimension of general graphs; the exact strong isometric dimension for cycles and hypercubes; and the isometric dimension for trees is found to within a factor of two.

The study of decompositions of sets in U, n ^ 1, into disjoint, mutually isometric subsets has a long and distinguished history. In 1928 J. von Neumann [2] proved that an interval in U (with or without endpoints) is decomposable into Ko disjoint sets which are mutually isometric under translations. In 1951 W. Gustin [1] proved that no such decomposition into n, 2 ^ n < No, sets is possible. A b...

abstract study design: a cross-sectional non-experimental study. objectives: to collectively detect the reliability and feasibility of the five types of clinical tests that have been used to measure endurance of the trunk muscles in subjects with and without low back pain (lbp) and identify the sensitivity of each test to predict the probability of the occurrence oflbp. background: testing spin...

Objectives: It is well known that neuromuscular function is temperature sensitive. Changing of muscle temperature can effect voluntary muscle contraction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cooling and heating on maximal isometric force generated by the elbow flexor musculature in male subjects. Methods: Forty five healthy males encompassing 3 groups participated in the ...

Objectives: Motor weakness is a notable symptom after stroke. Hence, the aim of this study was to find out the effect of bilateral quadriceps training compared to that of unilateral quadriceps training on balance, functional mobility and functional gait in patients with stroke. Subjects: Male and female hemiparetic patients between 40-60 years of age with post-stroke of 1-6 months were included...

The greater fluctuations in motor output that are often exhibited by old adults can be reduced with strength training. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of strength and steadiness training by old adults on fluctuations in force and position during voluntary contractions with the quadriceps femoris muscle. Healthy old adults (65-80 yr) completed 16 wk of heavy-load (80% of max...

BACKGROUND Susceptible to injury, the neck is subject to scientific investigations, frequently aiming to elucidate possible injury mechanisms via surface electromyography (EMG) by indirectly estimating cervical loads. Accurate estimation requires that the EMG-force relationship is known and that its measurement error is quantified. Hence, this study examined the relationship between EMG and iso...

Direct linkages between regular or irregular isometric embeddings of surfaces and steady compressible incompressible fluid dynamics are investigated in this paper. For a surface ( M, g) isometrically embedded [Formula: see text], we construct mapping that sends the second fundamental form embedding to density, velocity, pressure flows on g). From Partial Differential Equations perspective, solu...